<p>The Simpson Falls, a cascade waterfall on the West Ithaca Creek, is located within the Mount Coot-tha Forest, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Coot-tha Forest is approximately 1,500 hectare of open eucalypt forest forming the south-eastern part of D&#39;Aguilar National Park. These two areas make up a 30,000 hectare forest that extends into suburban Brisbane. It is home to powerful owls, goshawks, eagles, wrens and robins as well as possums and bats. Visitor facilities in the forest include picnic tables, barbecues and toilets. The forest may be approached from Sir Samuel Griffith Drive or Gap Creek Road, Mt Coot-tha. Limited parking is available. The area is popular with birdwatchers, who can see white-throated treecreeper, variegated fairy-wren, powerful owl, rose robin and varied sittella.</p><br>
<p>In 2006 a 58-year-old Bardon woman was walking her dog through the Mount Coot-tha picnic spot Simpson Falls when two dingoes stalked and circled her for a kilometre. Brisbane City Council erected warning signs and set additional traps in response to the incident.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane City Council occasionally burns sections of bush around Simpson Falls to prevent fuel build up.</p><br>
<p>The Purling Brook Falls or sometimes incorrectly Purlingbrook Falls, a horsetail waterfall on the Purling Brook, is located in the UNESCO World Heritagelisted Gondwana Rainforests in the South East region of Queensland, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The Purling Brook Falls are situated within the central section of Springbrook National Park as part of the Shield Volcano Group, at Springbrook which is part of the Gold Coast hinterland, south-west of Surfers Paradise.</p><br>
<p>After heavy rains the falling waters creates a spectacle that attracts large numbers of tourists. At these times the danger from falling rocks during landslides can be hazardous so barricades are erected to prevent walking along tracks that pass the base of the falls.</p><br>
<p>The Queen Mary Falls is a plunge waterfall on the Spring Creek that is located in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The falls are situated in the Main Range National Park and descend 40 m from the McPherson Range near the Queensland/New South Wales border. They are located 50 km south-east of and 10 km east of the town of.</p><br>
<p>The falls formed when water erosion by streams created gorges through layers of basalt and resistant trachyte. The falls are currently retreating as large blocks at the bottom of the falls were not evident in photos taken in the 19th century. Facilities at the falls include toilets, tables and fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>Four other waterfalls are located in the area surrounding Killarney, including the Teviot Falls, Daggs Falls, Browns Falls and Upper Browns Falls.</p><br>
<p>Badin Lake is one of a series of lakes created by the damming of the Yadkin-Pee Dee River in the Uwharrie Lakes Region of the United States. The Badin Lake Dam was built in 1917 to support a local aluminum smelting plant , and the associated community of Badin was named for the founder, Adrien Badin. The power generation unit was sold to Cube Hydro Carolinas in February 2017. Badin Lake is in the Piedmont area of North Carolina. It is contained by Narrows Dam at the town of Badin, North Carolina. Sitting within a valley, the lake is very deep, with a maximum depth of 190 ft . The lake occupies 5,350 acre and has 115 mi  of shoreline. Its waters have an average summer temperature of 84.4 °F  and an average winter temperature of 50.6 °F . No ferries cross Badin Lake. The northernmost point of Morrow Mountain State Park is roughly 2 mi downstream from Narrows Dam. The lake lies within Stanly, Davidson, Montgomery, and Rowan counties. Much of the lake&#39;s eastern shoreline lies within the Uwharrie National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Badin Lake offers both residents and visitors a wide range of recreational opportunities such as golf, fishing, boating, hiking, camping and hunting.</p><br>
<p>Badin Lake has many game fish including Largemouth Bass, Smallmouth Bass, Crappie, Walleye, Catfish, Spotted Bass, White Bass, and Striped Bass. All except the Walleye are caught on a regular basis. There is no Trout in Badin Lake.</p><br>
<h2>1944 Plane Crash</h2><br>
<p>Quoting from the abstract of the USA Navy&#39;s publication on one of their historic aircraft wrecks:</p><br>
<p>Badin Lake, North Carolina.jpgBadin Lake viewed from the boat launch in Badin, NC.</p><br>
<p>Badin Lake, Fall 2014.jpgBadin Lake from Kings Mountain Point, evening exposure looking west</p><br>
<p>High Rock Lake is a reservoir lake located in the Davidson and Rowan counties of North Carolina, serving as a boundary between them. It is a reservoir for hydroelectric power generation. It is the northernmost of the Uwharrie Lakes and the second largest lake in North Carolina behind Lake Norman. Its water surface covers 15,180 acre and there are 365 mi of shoreline. It begins at the confluence of the Yadkin River and the South Yadkin River. The lake&#39;s name is derived from neighboring "High Rock Mountain", the tallest mountain in the Uwharrie Mountains. High Rock Lake was managed and operated by the Alcoa company. Cube Hydro Carolinas took over generating power in 2017.</p><br>
<p>The lake has several bridges crossing the creeks that feed it. The NC 8 (Southmont) causeway crosses the Abbotts Creek tributary of the lake, as does a bridge at Holloway Church Road farther north of Abbotts Creek. There are numerous other bridges located in both Davidson and Rowan counties. Railroad tracks and their causeways also cross the southeastern portion of the lake at the Hwy 8 causeway and over Flat Swamp Creek. Numerous communities align the lake&#39;s banks including Lexington, Salisbury, Southmont, Linwood, High Rock, and Spencer.</p><br>
<h2>Angling</h2><br>
<h2>Residential restrictions</h2><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>There are several public ramps that can be accessed at no charge, and private ramps that can be accessed for a small fee. The lake has no restrictions on boat motor size and personal water craft are legal for use. There are no restrictions to access or use and it is available for use 24 hours a day. There are a number of campgrounds that adjoin the lake, some offering year round space rentals that also provide access to guests.</p><br>
<h2>Hydroelectric power</h2><br>
<p>High Rock Lake is one of four Yadkin Project dams that produce hydroelectric power for the surrounding communities. The entire Yadkin Project has a total generating capacity of nearly 215 megawatts of electricity when operating at peak capacity. While hydroelectric electricity may produce less green house gas emissions than fossil fuel power plants, the Yadkin Project dams have a history of environmental impacts, with low dissolved oxygen in the tailraces of multiple dams and water quality violations for turbidity, ph and chlorophyll-a on High Rock Lake. and fish consumption advisories for PCBs on Badin Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Drought and environmental impact</h2><br>
<h3>The 2001-2002 drought</h3><br>
<p>Record low streamflows caused by unusually dry weather resulted in extremely low water levels at High Rock Lake during the Southeastern United States Drought of 2002. These dry weather patterns began in 1998 and persisted until 2002. The final year of the drought was the worst for the lake. With water levels well below full pond, fish began to die due to overcrowding and a lack of water oxygen content, filling the air with rancid smells. Tourism in the area dropped and residents along the lake began to complain. When water levels plummeted to six feet above the "run of river" state (24 feet below normal), federal and state agencies closed the High Rock dam, forcing reservoirs like Badin Lake and Lake Tillery (who were at full pond status) to pick up the slack to maintain flows on the lower Yadkin/Pee Dee River. This allowed High Rock Lake to return to a level of 17 ft below full pond before going down again. In the fall of 2002, the drought eased up and the Yadkin Valley experienced one of the wettest 15 months on record. By the end of 2003, water tables in the area were back to normal levels.</p><br>
<h3>The 2007–2008 drought</h3><br>
<p>Until Hurricane Fay passed through the area in late August 2008, most of North Carolina was experiencing drought levels that ranged from Severe to Exceptional (the highest level), with rainfall averages below yearly average for the entire state, including the entire Yadkin-Pee Dee watershed. Alcoa is keeping water levels at slightly higher than historical levels for the same time of year for this reason, and possibly because their contract with the US government expired in April 2008 and is being renegotiated while Alcoa operates under a renewable one-year license. While the hurricane brought tremendous amounts of rain in a short period, filling all area lakes, it did little to replenish ground water levels, which create much of the runoff that continuously feeds streams and lakes statewide. Thirty days after receiving up to 10 in of rain, most of the state still remained in mild to moderate drought status, with exceptional drought conditions (the highest level) persisting in the southwestern section of the state.</p><br>
<p>Because the 2002 drought was severe enough to not allow the launching of boats for fishing (or any other purpose), the number of fish that were killed off may have been proportional to the number that would have been caught and kept. The current number of fish in the lake appears to be close to normal. This is further demonstrated by the success of the May 2007 Bass Master&#39;s Tournament, and that there are no additional restrictions placed on the lake for fish size, excepting the longstanding restriction for crappie, which have a minimum size restriction of 8 in. Many of the images of fish kills show the primary victim fishes as carp, which are not highly prized in the area and have since made a come back in numbers.</p><br>
<h3>Drought management</h3><br>
<p>During the 2007-2008 drought, Alcoa has sought and obtained permission from the USA Government to reduce the output from High Rock Lake from 1,400 cuft/s to 900 cuft/s during the fall, allowing it to maintain higher lake levels. The 2008 protocols allow Alcoa to reduce the output at the dam to be equal to the amount of water entering the lake through various creeks and the Yadkin River. While this doesn&#39;t allow the lake level to rise in dry periods, it prevents rapid decreases in the lake level and helps to maintain a steady waterflow for cities that use water from the river downstream, particularly in South Carolina which has no dams or reservoirs on the Yadkin/Pee Dee river. This has the additional environmental benefit to wildlife that depends on the lakes and river for habitat, as the river flows and lake levels fluctuate less dramatically.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, Alcoa has operated the lake using new guidelines that allow for parity in the lake levels of High Rock and Badin, farther downstream. Previously, Badin Lake had to be maintained at a level no lower than 2 ft below full pond as long as High Rock could provide the water fast enough. New regulations expected to take effect in the new contract due in 2008 would make these temporary measures permanent, reducing the likelihood that High Rock would see lake levels that exceed 20 ft below full pond again. As a result of the new procedures, High Rock has been kept at near-record highs during late 2007 and early 2008. This has been accomplished although the total inflow of water is less than it was during the 2002 drought, demonstrating that the previous conditions were related to both a lack of rainfall and antiquated lake management rules that were agreed to in the 1958 contract.</p><br>
<h2>Relicensing</h2><br>
<p>As of April 2008, this licensing process has stalled due to efforts by Stanly County and the City of Salisbury due to disputes about the new license, including Salisburys demands that Alcoa pay to dredge areas near the city. This multimillion-dollar project would seek to restore this section of the lake where the city takes in water. In some areas, sedimentation has grown to over 10 ft deep, and the city, the county (and many private groups and individuals) have claimed that it is due to Alcoas management of the dam, not allowing the free flow of water during times of maximum inflow, instead only reducing the lake levels during peak demand for electricity which nets a greater profit. During the drought of 2007–2008, Alcoa has been operating under the new contract (under the supervision and with the permission of FERC), although they are not required to do so until (and if) the contract is renewed.</p><br>
<p>In June 2008, North Carolina legislators began consideration of condemning all lakes on the Yadkin River so the state could take control of hydroelectric capacity, the justification being based on the fact that Alcoa now has virtually no employees in the area (unlike in the 1950s when the previous contract was signed) and no longer uses the electricity for aluminum production, instead selling the electricity for profit on the open market. Because the river and hydroelectric capacity are public assets, the question being raised is if a private company or the public (i.e.: the state) should have control over the project. Previous environmental damages caused by the management by Alcoa have also called into question the priorities of the project when it is operated solely for profit. Funding for a study to look at the issue was being considered in the 2008–2009 state budget.</p><br>
<p>As of December 2010, the licensing is currently under review after the N.C. Division of Water Quality revoked their water-quality certificate that the company needs to continue operating its power-generating dams along the river. The previous governor of North Carolina, Bev Perdue, and other North Carolina politicians have made it a priority to recapture the Yadkin River water rights, an action that will require a vote in the United States Congress.</p><br>
<p>Lake Macquarie or Awaba is Australia&#39;s largest coastal salt water lagoon. Located in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, it covers an area of 110 km&sup2; and is connected to the Tasman Sea by a short channel. Most of the residents of the City of Lake Macquarie live near the shores of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Macquarie is twice as large as Sydney Harbour and is one of the largest salt water lagoons in the Southern Hemisphere. It is slightly smaller than Port Stephens, which is about 43 km to the northeast of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Aboriginal people of the Awabakal nation lived in the area surrounding what is now known as Lake Macquarie for thousands of years. The name Awaba, which means "a plain surface" was used to describe the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Macquarie was first encountered by Europeans in 1800, when Captain William Reid, who had been sent from Sydney to retrieve a load of coal from Newcastle Harbour. Reid took a wrong turn and found himself in a lake rather than a river, with no coal to be seen anywhere. The name "Reid&#39;s Mistake" was retained until 1826, when it was renamed in honour of Governor Lachlan Macquarie.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and environment</h2><br>
<p>The lake is of irregular shape and the land separating it from the ocean is only a few kilometres wide along most of its length. While there are a several small, sandy, low-level islets in the lake, some of which are grouped near the mouth, Pulbah Island, located south of Swansea is a large island offering views from rocky cliffs.</p><br>
<p>Lake Macquarie is connected to the sea by Swansea Channel and Lakes Entrance. Swansea Channel is approximately 380 m wide and 2 km long. It joins Lakes Entrance, a small bay measuring approximately 900 m wide by 2.2 km at the Swansea bridges. The bridges can lift to allow yachts and other larger pleasure craft into and out of the lake.</p><br>
<p>There is no point on the coast from which the entire expanse of the lake and its 174 km foreshore may be seen. However, a good view can be obtained from lookouts in the nearby Watagan Mountains.</p><br>
<h3>Important Bird Area</h3><br>
<p>The remnant and fragmented eucalypt forests on the southern margins of the lake have been identified by BirdLife International as a 121 km Important Bird Area (IBA) because they support significant numbers of endangered swift parrots and regent honeyeaters in years when the swamp mahoganies and other favoured trees are flowering. Masked owls and ospreys regularly nest within the IBA.</p><br>
<h3>Pulbah Island</h3><br>
<p>The Pulbah Island Nature Reserve is a protected 68 hectare nature reserve that is located in the southern part of the lake. Being approximately 1.6 km long the island is, by far, the largest island in Lake Macquarie.</p><br>
<p>Pulbah Island is managed by the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service. There are no permanent structures on the island and it is uninhabited although in the past a maintenance cottage existed on the island. Pulbah is an Australian indigenous Awabakal word meaning "island".</p><br>
<p>Weed infestation on the island is problematic. Local efforts have been made to remove and control weeds species such as Bitou bush, Lantana and Wandering Jew. It also has native trees such as spotted gum.</p><br>
<p>Kangaroos and koalas were introduced to the island during the early 1900s, but they have been extirpated by illegal hunting. Goannas are common on the island.</p><br>
<p>From the island there are clear views of the Wangi Wangi peninsula as well as the Eraring, Munmorah and Vales Point power stations.</p><br>
<p>The island has cliff faces on the west and south sides as well as the south east side. The rest of the island is edged by sandy beaches although the density of vegetation ensures that there is minimal beach at high tide. The east side of the island has a slight bay that is commonly frequented by leisure boats. Camping on the island is not permitted. Bushwalking and picnicking are permitted.</p><br>
<p>Pulbah Island is also a sacred site in Aboriginal culture for the Awabakal people and was declared an Aboriginal place in 1982.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental management</h3><br>
<p>In 1983, the State Pollution Control Commission undertook an investigation into the causes of poor water quality in the lake. The final report of this investigation, known as "The Environmental Audit of Lake Macquarie", identified the primary causes of concern, highlighting the major problems of sedimentation and nutrient enrichment. Accelerated sedimentation levels were estimated at 75,000 t per annum and nutrient levels had shown a substantial increase as a result of urbanisation. A study prepared for Lake Macquarie City Council in 1995 estimated that sediment loads to Lake Macquarie were 57,000 t per annum, which was very different to the sediment loads prior to European development, estimated at 6,600 t per annum. Two creek systems, Cockle and Dora Creeks, were estimated to be contributing 23,900 t and 11,000 t per annum respectively.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the then NSW Premier, Bob Carr, announced the formation of a task force under the chairmanship of Clean Up Australia founder, Ian Kiernan. The report of the task force, known as the "Integrated Estuary and Catchment Management Framework" was accepted by the NSW State Cabinet in February 1999. The report recommended a unique institutional arrangement for implementation through the creation of the Office of the Lake Macquarie and Catchment Coordinator. This cooperative-based arrangement was a joint initiative of Lake Macquarie City Council, Wyong Shire Council, and the NSW Government, with major funding provided by these partners. To oversee the implementation process, a committee known as the Lake Macquarie Project Management Committee was appointed by the then Minister of Land and Water Conservation. The Committee would consist of representatives of both councils; community; regional directors of relevant government departments and three ex-officio members.</p><br>
<p>The action plan, known as the Lake Macquarie Improvement Plan has an emphasis on integration, both physically and administratively, as well as promoting a whole of government approach and strong community involvement. The physical works concentrated on treating the cause of the water problems in the lake by tackling stormwater runoff within the catchment. Again, the emphasis adopted included the use of soft engineering and the restoration of natural ecological processes where possible. After six years in operation, the Lake Macquarie Project Management Committee entered its third project phase in 2006.</p><br>
<p>A series of water quality indicators are used to monitor and quantify the water quality improvements observed by the community. The lake body generally has low nutrient concentrations, good water clarity and excellent dissolved oxygen levels. Activities that reduce the amount of sediments and nutrients washing into the Lake via stormwater run-off have assisted in improving water quality in Lake Macquarie. These activities include the construction of wetlands, the installation of stormwater treatment devices, bush regeneration and an increased awareness by the local community.</p><br>
<p>Recreational fishing is improving as fish stocks respond to the recent removal of commercial fishing and the significant increase in water quality that has come from a concerted environmental program undertaken by the state government and council. Since settlement lake-bed silt has increased in some areas due to unsealed roads, road shoulders and diffuse effects of urbanisation, however the quantity is far less than in nearby Lake Munmorah, and swimming is quite tolerable. Average water depth is approximately 8 m reaching a maximum depth of approximately 15 m east of Pulbah Island.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Recreational fishing, boating, kayaking and water skiing are all popular recreational activities on the lake. The popularity of kayaking is increasing.Sailing and yacht racing are also popular with the lake boasting many yacht clubs including:</p><br>
<p>Belmont 16 ft Sailing Club</p><br>
<p>Lake Macquarie Yacht Club, Belmont</p><br>
<p>Mannering Park Amateur Sailing Club</p><br>
<p>Marmong Pt Sailing Club</p><br>
<p>Royal Motor Yacht Club of NSW, Toronto</p><br>
<p>Speers Point Amateur Sailing Club</p><br>
<p>South Lake Macquarie Amateur Sailing Club</p><br>
<p>Teralba Amateur Sailing Club</p><br>
<p>Toronto Amateur Sailing Club Toronto</p><br>
<p>Wangi RSL Amateur Sailing Club</p><br>
<p>Tiger Hill  is located in Darjeeling, in the Indian State of West Bengal, and is the summit of Ghoom, the highest railway station in the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway – a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It has a panoramic view of Mount Everest and Mt. Kangchenjunga together.</p><br>
<p>It is 11 km from the town of Darjeeling and can be reached either by jeep or by foot through Chowrasta, Alubari or Jorebangla and then climbing up the incline to the summit.</p><br>
<p>At sunrise, the peaks of Kangchenjunga are illuminated before the sun is seen at lower elevations. From Tiger Hill, Mount Everest (8848m) is just visible. Makalu (8481m) looks higher than Mt. Everest, owing to the curvature of the Earth, as it is several miles closer than Everest. The distance in a straight line from Tiger Hill to Everest is 107 miles.</p><br>
<p>On a clear day, Kurseong is visible to the south and in the distance, along with Teesta River, Mahanada River, Balason River and Mechi River meandering down to the south. Chumal Rhi mountain of Tibet, 84 miles away, is visible over the Chola Range.</p><br>
<p>Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary is close to Tiger Hill.</p><br>
<p>Gwanaksan  is a small mountain in southern Seoul, South Korea. Portions lie in the Gwanak-gu and Geumcheon-gu districts of Seoul; other portions lie in the neighboring cities of Anyang and Gwacheon.</p><br>
<p>The name gwanak means "hat-shaped peak," and refers to its gat-like profile. Thus Gwanaksan literally means "mountain of the hat-shaped peak." Currently it is referred to as "Gwanak," since san already contains the meaning of "mountain." Together with Songaksan in Kaesong, Gamaksan in Paju, Uaksan in Pocheon, and Hwaaksan in Gapyeong, Gwanaksan was long considered one of the five representative peaks of Gyeonggi-do (gyeonggi o-ak).</p><br>
<p>The main campus of Seoul National University is located just northwest of the mountain, and the Gwacheon national government complex lies to the east. Also nearby is the Anyang Resort Area, a popular local tourist attraction. On the mountain itself lie numerous Buddhist temples, including Wongaksa. Most of the mountain slope is protected land. The mountain is very popular with older climbers, since it can easily be reached by Seoul&#39;s public transportation. Annual hiking traffic is close to 5 million people. The Seoul side was designated a city park in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>Seoul National University Entrance (11.3 km, 4 hours)</p><br>
<p>Siheung-dong (11 km, 3 hours, 30 minutes)</p><br>
<p>Anyang amusement park (12 km, 4 hours, 30 minutes)</p><br>
<p>The Sterick Building is an office building in Memphis, Tennessee. It was designed by Wyatt C. Hedrick & Co., and was completed in 1930—its name is a contraction of the original owners names, R.E. Sterling and Wyatt Hedrick&#39;. It is a gothic-style tower, 111 m  tall with 29 floors. and was the tallest building in Tennessee until 1957. It is now the fifth-tallest building in Memphis. It stands at the corner of Madison Avenue and North B.B. King Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Once called “the Queen of Memphis” and “the most complex, the most fabulous building in Memphis,” the Sterick Building featured a white stone spire topped with a green tile roof; its own bank, pharmacy, barber shop, and beauty parlor; and stockbrokers offices. The first three floors were made from granite and limestone. From the lobby, which was said to “rival the beauty of a Moorish castle,” its eight high-speed elevators ferried the buildings 2,000+ workers and guests to the upper floors, including the Regency Room restaurant on the top floor.</p><br>
<p>The original lease of land for the property, dating from the late 1920s, required the $1,500 monthly payment to be paid in gold coin “of standard weight and fineness or its equivalent.” An unsuccessful 1975 lawsuit by the land owners sought to recalculate the rent at the then-current price of gold, or roughly $13,500 per month.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>The building began to decline in the 1960s, and, despite a number of alterations (including being repainted from its original white and green to yellow and tan), it has been left vacant since the 1980s. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Recent events</h2><br>
<p>In 2006, the Memphis Center City Commission placed the Sterick Building on its list of "Top Ten Center City Redevelopment Sites".</p><br>
<p>Criteria for inclusion on this list include:</p><br>
<p>“A site that is important to the health and vitality of its neighborhood and of Memphis”</p><br>
<p>“A site that currently has no solid redevelopment plans on the board”</p><br>
<p>“A site with architecture significant in the history of Memphis”</p><br>
<p>“A site where redevelopment is seen as a catalyst for future improvements”</p><br>
<p>The 350,883 ft&sup2; property was appraised at $419,200 in 2005.</p><br>
<p>While local desire to see the building redeveloped has been expressed, the difficulties of the undertaking have also been noted, including the large size of the property, the height of the floor plates, lack of adequate duct work, environmental issues, and the need to bring the building up to current seismic standards.</p><br>
<p>Further complications toward redevelopment include legal entanglements regarding the ground lease. The Sterick Building is a land lease property wherein the original builders leased the land the building stands on for 99 years without buying the land outright. The land and the building are currently owned separately. The land is owned by The Sterick LLC and the building’s lease is held by AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company.</p><br>
<p>Acknowledging the difficulties of redeveloping such a large building, local preservationists also have expressed optimism that a redevelopment boom in downtown Memphis, particularly coupled with increasing residential growth in the neighborhood, may make the Sterick Building, with its height and views over the Mississippi River, a candidate for residential conversion to apartments or condominia. Preservationists have also noted the possibility of tax credits and possible conservation easements for developers.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, some shots of the movie, The Client were taken around this building.</p><br>
<p>Lake Almanor is a large reservoir in northwestern Plumas County, northeastern California. The reservoir has a capacity of 1,308,000 acre.ft and a maximum depth of about 90 feet. It is formed by Canyon Dam on the North Fork of the Feather River, as well as Benner and Last Chance Creeks, Hamilton Branch, and various natural springs.</p><br>
<h2>Creation</h2><br>
<p>The dam is 130 feet tall and composed of hydraulic fill.</p><br>
<p>The first dam was completed by Great Western Power in 1914 as part of the Upper North Fork Feather River Project, damming the North Fork of the Feather River and flooding the meadow-filled valley generally known as Nakam Koyo/Big Meadows/Big Springs, a longstanding Yamani Maidu village site. When the dam was built, Maidu families still living in the vicinity were displaced while parts of the town of Prattville had to be moved to higher ground, leaving multiple structures flooded over. The reservoir was named for the three daughters of Guy C. Earl, Vice President of Great Western Power: Alice, Martha and Eleanor. The present dam, which more than doubled the size was constructed by Great Western Power from 1926 to 1927.</p><br>
<p>The dam is now owned by Pacific Gas and Electric Company. PG&E uses it for hydroelectricity production, but the lake is also a popular recreation area, with fishing, boating, water skiing, swimming and camping available.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake-front and immediate surroundings are, either officially or unofficially, divided into a series of regions:</p><br>
<p>North Shore typically referring to the north-east shoreline and the campground of the same name.</p><br>
<p>The Peninsula being the major east-side peninsula bisecting the lake and largely taken up by the Lake Almanor Country Club, the community of Almanor, and the more recent residential developments known as Bailey Creek and Foxwood.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton Branch being the east-side community next south from the Peninsula, named for the river of the same name.</p><br>
<p>East Shore being both the developed and undeveloped areas between Hamilton Branch and the dam itself.</p><br>
<p>Canyon Dam (also known as Canyondam), the community just southeast of the dam.</p><br>
<p>South Shore, the southwest shoreline taken up largely by PG&E managed campgrounds and undeveloped grounds</p><br>
<p>Prattville being the small resort community on the southwest shoreline; retains the same name as the town that was once in Big Meadows (now under water).</p><br>
<p>West Shore being on the upper southwest shore and more formally referred to as Lake Almanor West, itself an un-gated country-club.</p><br>
<p>The generally nameless western shoreline from Lake Almanor West to the town of Chester, starting at Goose Bay and ending at the termination of the large diversion channel that mitigates high-waters in the Feather River above Chester.</p><br>
<p>The northern shoreline from Chester, running northeast then southwest, and back to Hwy 36; includes the mouth of Benner and Last Chance creeks and seasonal springs.</p><br>
<p>Much of the southern shore of the lake is in the Lassen National Forest, so recreation management is shared by PG&E and the United States Forest Service.</p><br>
<p>Large areas along the northern shore of the lake are seasonal pasture used for summer and fall cattle grazing; some areas of these grazing grounds are under-water in wetter years. The wetlands at the north end also serve as breeding grounds for a variety of migratory waterfowl, most prominently Canada geese and various species of ducks including mallard, teal, and wigeon. Other large birds to be viewed around the lake are heron, osprey, and occasionally bald eagles, which nest on the Peninsula and West Shore. Each year in late June and early July, large insect hatches occur on the lake during the dusk hours. The insects, which the fish feed on, attract local fly fisherman who use imitation flies to catch the feeding fish.</p><br>
<p>The Almanor Basin Watershed Advisory Committee Group (ABWAC) received funding for a Watershed Assessment Project under California Prop 12, and one deliverable from this project was in an online map-based database of watershed information that runs in Google Earth - download the tour at: l</p><br>
<h2>Thermal Curtain</h2><br>
<p>PG&E&#39;s 50 year license to use the waters of Lake Almanor were set to expire in 2004 when the state water board explored requests to install a thermal curtain at the bottom of Lake Almanor to control the temperature of the rivers downstream. This was ostensibly to create better habitat for trout habitat up to 40 miles downtsream. However, residents near Lake Almanor became concerned that the curtain would help the trout downstream at the cost of raising the water temperatures of shallow Lake Almanor and harming its fish population. By doing so the residents would not have easy access to the lakes fish population.</p><br>
<h2>Power production</h2><br>
<p>There is no powerhouse at the dam. A tunnel (and finally a penstock) from the powerhouse outlet tower, in the lake between Prattville and the Plumas Pines Resort, delivers water to the Butt Valley Powerhouse at the north end of Butt Valley Reservoir, which has a capacity of 41 MW. From there, the water is sent by tunnel to either the Caribou 1 (74 MW) or Caribou 2 (120 MW) powerhouses. Caribou 2 is favored because it is newer and more efficient. Their tailraces flow into Belden Reservoir. A portion of the water goes through the 1.3-MW Oak Flat Powerhouse, which is located at the bottom on Belden Dam. The rest goes to the 125-MW Belden Powerhouse by another tunnel. The water is then released into Rock Creek Reservoir. All of these powerhouse facilities are presently (2008) owned and operated by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), a major investor-owned California utility.</p><br>
<p>Stampede Pass  is a mountain pass in the northwest United States, through the Cascade Range in Washington. Southeast of Seattle and east of Tacoma, its importance to transportation lies almost entirely with railroading, as no paved roads cross it. It is approximately 12 mi south-southeast of Snoqualmie Pass, the gap for Interstate 90 in Washington and 2 mi south of Keechelus Lake.</p><br>
<p>The pass, and the tunnel to the south which takes advantage of it, the 1.86 mi Stampede Tunnel (47.279&deg; latitude, -121.323&deg; longitude), just below url= &deg;C played a significant role in the history of the Northern Pacific Railway. The tunnel opened for service in May 1888, and is currently operated by the NP&#39;s successor, BNSF Railway.</p><br>
<p>After over a decade of dormancy in the late 20th century, the Stampede Pass Line and Tunnel were revived in 1997 by BNSF, which utilizes the route as one of two direct Northern Transcon main lines through the Cascades, between Spokane and the Seattle metropolitan area.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery of the pass</h2><br>
<p>The pass was discovered by Virgil Bogue, a civil engineer for the Northern Pacific. (Bogue went on to become chief engineer of the Union Pacific Railroad and later the Western Pacific Railroad.)</p><br>
<p>Below is Bogues report, written in January 1881, from the collection of Robert A. Robey, the Northern Pacifics roadmaster at Auburn, Washington, in charge of the line across Stampede Pass throughout the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Naming of the pass</h2><br>
<p>Bogue wrote the Washington State Historical Society&#39;s William Pierce Bonney about the naming of the pass in 1916.</p><br>
<p>Bonney, who worked for the Northern Pacific on Stampede Pass, added, "When the men quit work about the middle of the afternoon, the day of the stampede, they repaired to camp where they were busy waiting for supper; when the foreman came and announced to the cook that the food in his charge belonged to the railroad company was furnished to feed men that were working for the company, that these men had severed their connection with the company, hence were not entitled to be fed; then was when the real stampede began."</p><br>
<p>(W.P. Bonney, Secretary, Washington State Historical Society, to 29th Annual Farmers Picnic, Enumclaw, 8-6-21. Bonney worked on Stampede 1881-2.)</p><br>
<p>When discovered some weeks earlier, it had been named Garfield Pass, in honor of recently inaugurated President Garfield, but Stampede Pass became the name generally used.</p><br>
<h2>The summit switchback</h2><br>
<p>The Northern Pacific completed Stampede Tunnel under Stampede Pass in 1888 (see section below). In the meantime, however, the NP decided not to wait for completion, and built a switchback across the summit of the pass.</p><br>
<p>According to A Brief History of the Northern Railway, a switchback with 5.6 percent grade was studied by Chief Engineer Anderson as early as 1884. The line was surveyed in spring of 1886. There were three switchbacks on each side of the Cascades, and a great double horseshoe at the summit. Construction of the switchback was plagued by snowfall, and a cut through snow 40 ft deep was required at the summit. The switchback included a mile of solid log cribbing, ¾ miles of snowsheds, and 31 trestles. When the ground thawed in the spring of 1887, it shifted and settled the newly laid track, requiring more work. The Northern Pacific spent $15,000 on laborers protection during the switchbacks construction.</p><br>
<p>To operate the line the Northern Pacific ordered the two largest steam locomotives in the world (at that time). Despite their size, the steep grades meant one locomotive was stationed at each end of their five-car trains. Trains took an hour and fifteen minutes to traverse the eight-mile (13 km)-long switchback, a brakeman riding the rooftops every two cars. The first experimental train over the switchback was on June 6, 1887. The first scheduled passenger train over the switchback arrived in Tacoma at 7:15 PM on July 3, 1887.</p><br>
<p>Even after the completion of the tunnel, the switchback was reopened for brief periods in the 1890s as maintenance was carried out below.</p><br>
<h2>Stampede Tunnel</h2><br>
<p>First tunnel location made by James T. Kingsbury, Assistant Engineer, August 1882. Other tunnel lines were run by the following named engineers, but all had practically the same initial point at the west end: John A. Hulburt, John Quincy Barlow, and F.C. Tucker. Final location made by William H. Kennedy.</p><br>
<p>J.Q. Jamieson was Assistant Engineer in charge from the commencement of work until October 23, 1887, when he was succeeded by Edwin Harrison McHenry (later chief engineer of the Northern Pacific), who continued in charge until the completion of the tunnel, snowsheds and sidetracks at both ends of the tunnel.</p><br>
<p>F.M. Haines was transitman on the west end and Andrew Gibson on the east end during the entire time the tunnel was under construction. N.B. Tunder was the contractor&#39;s Superintendent on the west end and Captain Sidney J. Bennet, a brother of the contractor, was superintendent on the east end.</p><br>
<p>The Contract for driving the tunnel was awarded to Nelson Bennett January 21, 1886.</p><br>
<p>Work commenced on east heading with hand drills on February 13, 1886.</p><br>
<p>Air drills were introduced June 18, 1886.</p><br>
<p>Average daily progress with hand drills—3.52 lineal feet.</p><br>
<p>Average daily progress with air drills—5.8 lineal feet.</p><br>
<p>Work commenced on the west heading with hand drills on April 1, 1886.</p><br>
<p>Air drills were introduced September 1, 1886.</p><br>
<p>Average daily progress with hand drills—4 lineal feet.</p><br>
<p>Average daily progress with air drills—6.9.</p><br>
<p>Headings met May 3, 1888.</p><br>
<p>Tunnels met May 11, 1888.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel opened for traffic on May 27, 1888.</p><br>
<p>9,844.1 lineal feet of tunnel at $78 per lineal foot--$767,839.80.</p><br>
<p>31,081 cubic yards of extra excavation at $4.50 per cubic yard--$138,864.50.</p><br>
<p>3,008,638 feet B.M. in lining at $35 per M.--$105,302.33.</p><br>
<p>$1,013,006.63 total.</p><br>
<p>Seventeen killed west.</p><br>
<p>Seventeen injured west.</p><br>
<p>Eleven killed east.</p><br>
<p>Twenty-two injured east.</p><br>
<p>One killed by construction train.</p><br>
<p>Masonry lining began on June 16, 1889, and was completed on November 16, 1895.</p><br>
<p>Masonry lining total cost per lineal foot--$54.08.</p><br>
<p>One brickmason foreman was killed by falling rock, two laborers were killed by a work train, and one laborer was electrocuted.</p><br>
<p>Cement used: 45,979 barrels.</p><br>
<p>Bricks used: 9,816,620, most from Tacoma.</p><br>
<p>The Stampede Pass railroad tunnel is arched in the center; that is, daylight in not detectable at either end of the tunnel when looking through to the other end; unlike both the first (2.6 mile, 1900) and second (7.8 mile, 1929) Cascade Tunnels of the Great Northern Railway at Stevens Pass, which were "boresighted" and ran in a straight line and at a constant downward angle from northeast to southwest. Steam engines ascending in either direction within the confines of the Stampede Tunnel was the cause of many train crews and passengers being nearly choked to death by the buildup of exhaust gasses within the tunnel; this led to a forced-air ventilation equipment being added at the west end of the tunnel at a later date. The grade is 2.2 percent on the east side from the town of Easton and 2.2 percent on the west side from the town of Lester.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Gibson, born and educated in Scotland, began work for the NP on main line construction in Oregon, about 8 mi west of Portland, as a clerk for Mr. O. Phil, Assistant Engineer, about July 1, 1883, and continued in the same position until the party was disbanded, about the end of October. Was leveler for Colin Mcintosh, assistant engineer on Kalama Inclines during January 1884. Went to work as a "bush hook dude" with William H. Kennedy on Cascade Division Surveys on April 27, 1884, starting at South Prairie and working east. Promoted to rodman about the beginning of June and to leveler about the middle of August, when the location of the 25 mi from South Prairie to Eagle Gorge was completed. Gibson went on to work for engineers William T. Chalk, John Quincy Barlow, J.Q. Jamieson, and Herbert S. Huson, literally all over the Stampede Pass line. Gibson ran the level and took topography for the switch back, worked on the final location of the tunnel line, crossings of the Yakima River in the Yakima Canyon. Finally, he was made an assistant engineer himself, overseeing the lining of the tunnel as well as filling the numerous temporary trestles built in the haste to finish the line on time. It is primarily through his diligent work that detailed first hand accounts of the work are available. Gibson went on to oversee the NP&#39;s building on the Palouse, the giant west end tie plant at Paradise, Montana, finally becoming the Chief Engineer in charge of maintenance of way in Saint Paul. He started out very modestly, clearing brush from what would become the Main Street of the Northwest.</p><br>
<h2>Double tracking</h2><br>
<p>A major revision of the line from Lester to Stampede Tunnel was undertaken between 1912 and 1915. This included a new roundhouse at Lester, double tracking the line from Lester to the west portal of Tunnel 4, a small tunnel just a mile west of Stampede Tunnel, and replacing the former loop through Weston with a large steel viaduct. At the same time the route from Martin, at the east portal of Stampede Tunnel, was double-tracked down to Easton.</p><br>
<p>In August 1984, the Burlington Northern mothballed the line as redundant. Between 1995 and 1996, BN and its successor BNSF Railway, rehabilitated the line as a response to increasing traffic pressures in the Pacific Northwest. As of 2007, BNSF and government agencies in Washington state are committed to enlarging Stampede Tunnel to accommodate larger intermodal freight cars; the current height of 22 ft is insufficient for double-stacked intermodal cars.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational access</h2><br>
<p>In 1939, the Northern Pacific opened a ski area on the eastern portal of the Stampede Tunnel called Martin Ski Dome. The resort was to compete with the ski area built a few miles north by the Milwaukee Road at Hyak in 1937, the Milwaukee Ski Bowl. The Martin Ski Dome closed in 1942 with the start of World War II and then was sold in 1946, after the end of the war, to the University of Washington students association. It re-opened as "Husky Chalet" and had two rope tows. Operations lasted through 1956, when heavy snows crushed the lodge and the ski area was never rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The Mountaineers also have a ski area just southeast of the eastern portal of the Stampede Pass tunnel. Built in 1928, Meany Lodge with 3 rope tows, is open to all during winter weekends from early January to early March. It also hosts a PSIA certified winter sports school, and is one of the oldest ski areas in the nation.</p><br>
<p>in Khamissa.</p><br>
<p>Khamissa, ancient Thubursicum Numidarum or Thubursicum, is an Ancient Roman and Byzantine archeological site, in Guelma Province of northeastern Algeria.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Khamissa is located 40 km southeast of Guelma, the coastal city known as Calama by ancient Roman settlers, and 32 km northwest of Souk Ahras, known as Thagaste by ancient Berbers and Romans. It was around 250 km west of ancient Carthage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally the site was a primary settlement of an indigenous Berber tribe of Numidia. This city is probably the town of which Tacitus speaks in connection with the revolt of Tacfarinas in the time of Tiberius (15 CE to 24 CE).</p><br>
<h3>Roman era</h3><br>
<p>Khamissa, then known as Thubursicum, was a Roman town in the Maghreb founded by the Emperor Trajan around 100 CE, when he elevated it to a municipium (Municipium Ulpium Traianum Augustum Thubursicu). Its inhabitants enrolled in the Papiria tribe.</p><br>
<p>It became a colonia (Roman colony) by 270 CE.</p><br>
<p>Khamissa became the seat of a bishopric, with a rectangular basilica having walls covered with marble constructed in the 2nd century. It was visited by Augustine of Hippo (St. Augustine) twice. He served as priest, coadjutor Bishop, and Bishop in regionally local Hippo Regius from 391 to 430.</p><br>
<h3>Byzantine era</h3><br>
<p>The town became part of the Vandalic Kingdom of Carthage from 435 to 534. It was reconquered in the Vandalic War by the East Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) in 534, who built a Byzantine style chapel and small forts. It remained in the Byzantine Praetorian prefecture of Africa and Exarchate of Africa until the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in 698.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological site</h2><br>
<p>Khamissa has a well preserved Roman amphitheatre (built 2nd or 3rd century), considered one of the most beautiful and best-preserved in North Africa. Other Roman and Byzantine structures and ruins remain also.</p><br>
<p>Archeological excavations, conducted from 1900 to 1922, cleared only one part of the town site. Most of the objects collected then, notably the Ancient Roman statues, are in Guelma at the Guelma Museum, Algeria.</p><br>
<p>The Roslyn Cemetery is a historic cemetery located on Route 25A  in the town of Greenvale, Nassau County, New York. It is owned by the Roslyn Presbyterian Church which is located within the Village of Roslyn. The Roslyn Cemetery is a product of the "Rural Cemetery Act" of which one of the many intents was to move burial grounds away from the local church and community as well as to design the grounds in a park like setting. This is clearly evident in the "Roslyn Cemetery" which is more like a botanical garden than a cemetery. Interments began in the 19th century and it continues to accept burials today. The cemetery has many notable figures as well as a section dedicated to fallen Civil War soldiers.</p><br>
<p>The "East Gate Toll House" which sits on the south east side of the "Roslyn Cemetery" and is clearly seen from Northern Blvd.(Route 25A) is the last remaining toll house that served the North Hempstead Turnpike. It was built around 1864 and is frequently but incorrectly referred to as being a toll house for the Vanderbilt Motor Parkway which ran considerably south of this location. Over the years the toll road had ceased operation and the main road was moved south of the toll house. The "Roslyn Cemetery" eventually surrounded the property. This structure sat unoccupied for many years and served little more than a shed for cemetery work tools. In the 1980s it was restored. It serves as a private residence and is on the National Register of Historic Places, as is the surrounding cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Frances Hodgson Burnett, author of The Secret Garden, A Little Princess and Little Lord Fauntleroy</p><br>
<p>William Cullen Bryant, poet and journalist, lived in Roslyn</p><br>
<p>Christopher Morley, poet and journalist, lived in Roslyn</p><br>
<p>Stephen Taber, a United States Congressman from New York from 1865–1869</p><br>
<p>William Tavoulareas, President of Mobil Corporation 1969–1984 lived in Sands Pt.</p><br>
<p>Kinloch Castle  is a late Victorian mansion located on the Isle of Rùm, one of the Small Isles off the west coast of Scotland. It was built as a private residence for Sir George Bullough, a textile tycoon from Lancashire whose father bought Rùm as his summer residence and shooting estate. Construction began in 1897, and was completed in 1900. Built as a luxurious retreat, Kinloch Castle has since declined. The castle and island are now owned by Scottish Natural Heritage, and part of the castle operates as a hostel. The Kinloch Castle Friends Association was established in 1996 to secure the long-term future of the building.</p><br>
<p>Kinloch Castle is protected as a category A listed building, and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rùm was owned by Alexander Maclean of Coll in the early 19th century. At that time, during the Napoleonic Wars, kelp from the Scottish islands was a valuable commodity, being used to produce soda ash for use in explosives. After the war, prices collapsed and Maclean was forced to lease the island to a relative, Lachlan Maclean, for sheep farming. As a result, the entire population, which counted 443 people in 1795, were cleared from the island by 1828, only for new tenants to be brought in from Skye and Muck to service the sheep farm.</p><br>
<p>Lachlan Maclean constructed Kinloch House, on a site to the north-east of the present castle, but was forced to give up the lease in the late 1830s. Hugh Maclean of Coll then sold the island in 1845 to Conservative politician James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury (1791–1868), for £26,455. Lord Salisbury reorganised the sheep farm, constructing new cottages linked by roads to a pier at Kinloch. Salisbury also reintroduced red deer and game. He passed the estate to his son, Viscount Cranborne (1821–1865), on whose death it was inherited by his brother, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, later 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. However, he sold Rùm in 1870 to Farquhar Campbell of Aros. The shooting lodge at Tigh Ban was built around this time.</p><br>
<h3>The Bulloughs</h3><br>
<p>From 1879, the shooting lease was taken by John Bullough (1838–1891), a textile-mill owner from Lancashire. In 1884 Bullough purchased Meggernie Castle in Perthshire, and in 1888 he bought Rùm for £35,000. His intention was to create a shooting reserve, and he introduced new stock of deer and game birds, as well as planting trees. When he died in 1891, his son George Bullough inherited, and built a mausoleum to his father on the island. The first mausoleum, decorated with ceramic tiles, was compared to a public toilet, and Bullough had it demolished, replacing it with the Doric temple which stands today.</p><br>
<p>He then commissioned a London firm of architects, Leeming & Leeming, to design a luxurious new house. Work on Kinloch Castle began in 1897, employing 300 men from Eigg and Lancashire. The house was built in a castellated Tudor style, using red sandstone from Annan. It had its own electricity supply, and also had modern plumbing, heating and telephone systems.</p><br>
<p>During the Boer War, Bullough lent his yacht Rhouma as a hospital ship, bringing wounded soldiers back to Kinloch Castle. For this service he was knighted in 1901. Kinloch Castle was occupied by Bullough and his friends during the shooting season each year, but they visited less frequently after the First World War, and the estate was neglected. The islands population dwindled from 100 in 1900 to 28 in 1951. After Sir George Bulloughs death in 1939, the castle and the island were held by trustees, who sold the estate in 1957, retaining only the family mausoleum. In 1967 Sir George&#39;s widow Monica was buried at the mausoleum, alongside her husband.</p><br>
<h3>Public ownership</h3><br>
<p>The island was purchased by the Nature Conservancy, a government agency with responsibility for natural heritage, for £23,000, and was designated a National Nature Reserve in line with Lady Monica&#39;s wishes. Ownership of Rùm and Kinloch Castle passed to Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) on its formation in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The castle appeared on the BBC television series Restoration in 2003, as part of a bid for funds to restore the structure, reaching the final stages of the competition. Although it did not win, its cause has since been taken up by the Prince&#39;s Regeneration Trust, a charity founded by Prince Charles which promotes heritage-led regeneration schemes. Funds are being sought for an £8 million scheme to restore the castle.</p><br>
<h3>Social significance</h3><br>
<p>A report conducted in 2002 by SNH summarised the social significance of Kinloch Castle and the diverging attitudes towards it as follows:</p><br>
<p>Kinloch Castle has an extremely high social significance, as both a representative of a type of development and lifestyle which exerted considerable influence over land-use in Scotland, and also as associated with a very specific social history of interest in itself in terms of its glamour, its notoriety and the unusual “completeness” to which lifestyle evidence has survived.</p><br>
<p>The report indicated that Kinloch Castle did not represent any significant design or technical values but this was made up for by the fact that it was a monument to a certain type of social lifestyle existing at the time.</p><br>
<p>Kinloch Castle is of an externally uninspired design with an unusual though not unserviceable plan, built by clearly competent but yet undistinguished architects who may well have been in some respects “prisoners” of their client’s strong will to the detriment of</p><br>
<p>the overall conception......In terms of general construction technology, Kinloch offered no advance on existing practice.</p><br>
<p>The social-political monument that it does represent is described as "n extreme example – an “exemplar” even - of the worst kind of highland landlordism" as well as "representative of a social phenomenon for which his (Bullough&#39;s) period was noted: third-generation new wealth, opulent lifestyle, sporting interests embracing horseracing, and belonging to the “smart” set (who saw genial but luxuriously-living Edward, Prince of Wales as their exemplar) rather than subscribing to Victorian morality"</p><br>
<p>Jim Crumley, Scottish nature writer, described Kinloch Castle as “a monument to… colossal wealth and ego and acquisitive greed… It</p><br>
<p>is a building without a redeeming feature. a loathsome edifice. It perpetuates only the memory of the worst kind of</p><br>
<p>island lairds… a hideous affront, but nothing that a good fire and subsequent demolition couldn’t rectify”.</p><br>
<h2>Present use</h2><br>
<p>Kinloch Castle is now managed by Scottish Natural Heritage, supported by the Kinloch Castle Friends&#39; Association, a registered charitable organisation set up in 1996. A number of repairs have been carried out in 2010 and 2011, although the long-term future of the building remains uncertain.</p><br>
<p>A section at the rear of the castle operates as a hostel for visitors to the island. Guests have a choice of bunk rooms, or can upgrade to one of a handful of "Oak Rooms" with four-poster beds. The hostel area is kept separate from the museum rooms of the castle. It is proposed that the hostel will close in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Tours of the castle are available, timed to coincide with ferries where possible. Highlights of the tour include the under-stairs orchestrion and a variety of gifts from the Emperor of Japan.</p><br>
<p>Tamassos  or Tamasos  – names Latinized as Tamassus or Tamasus – was a city-kingdom in Cyprus. It was situated in the great central plain of the island, south-east of Soli, on the road from Soli to Tremithus. It is an archaeological site bordering the village of Politiko, about 21 kilometres southwest of Nicosia.</p><br>
<p>An Assyrian inscription from ca. 673 BC (Prism of Esarhaddon) refers to it as Tamesi, described as a city-state which paid tribute to the Neo-Assyrian Empire. As there were copper mines in the neighbourhood, it is very probably the Temese mentioned by Homer (Odyssey, I, 184), which was in his time the principal copper market of the island.</p><br>
<p>Today the villages of Psimolofou, Episkopeio, Pera Orinis, Ergates, Politiko, Kampia, Analyontas, and Kapedes occupy the site of the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city-state prospered mainly because of its mines, from which metals (mostly copper, Cyprus&#39;s chief export in the ancient world) were extracted. However, it managed to survive despite exhaustion of its copper deposits.</p><br>
<h3>Foundations, inhabitants, and economy</h3><br>
<p>Unlike other city-states on the island, there is no precise information from either history or tradition concerning the establishment of the city as a human settlement and later as an important trade city.</p><br>
<p>The area itself was in fact home to a number of small farmer settlements, which the city replaced after the discovery and exploitation of the copper that became the heart of the economy in the succeeding centuries. Studies of the archaeological artefacts suggest that the region was inhabited since prehistoric times, more specifically since the Chalcolithic Age. Villages such as Kampia, Margi, Kotsiatis, and Mathiatis in the wider region were densely populated from the Early Bronze Age. The population increased significantly following exploitation of the copper mines. Tombs and copper-processing installations discovered in the area date back to the Late Bronze Age.</p><br>
<p>Writers such as Claudius Ptolemy and Stephanus of Byzantium mention the city. Stephanus describes the city as "mesogeia" (inland) with copper of excellent quality. Its inland location and lack of a port kept it from becoming a major trading post such as Salamis and Paphos. The city also lacked the cosmopolitan character of the island&#39;s coastal cities. It resembled an "industrial" city of mines and workshops, though it had without doubt also developed the agricultural and stock-breeding potentialities of the surrounding fertile land, enriched by one of the most important rivers of Cyprus, the Pediaios, and its tributaries.</p><br>
<p>The two royal tombs discovered are proof of the city&#39;s wealth during the Archaic era, due to their fine construction.</p><br>
<h3>Phoenician and Greek influence</h3><br>
<p>The King of Tamassos, Pasikypros, is said to have sold his kingdom to the Phoenicians of Kition for a price of 50 talents. Having received this amount of money, the King went to spend his last days in Amathus</p><br>
<p>Athenaeos claims that Alexander the Great gave the same city to Pnytagoras, the King of Salamina, as he had assisted him with the invasion and capture of Tyros. The temple of Aphrodite and perhaps other public buildings were rebuilt at the beginning of the Hellenistic period. It is assumed that there was an alteration to the city character and political structure, and new public buildings built. During the same period, Greeks from various places of the empire came to live in Tamassos. One of these people was Aspendios from Asia Minor.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>With the spread of Christianity throughout southern Europe, Tamasos became one of the first Greek Orthodox dioceses in Cyprus. The presence of its two first Bishops, Saint Herakleidios and Saint Mnason, was prominent. The pseudepigraphical Acts of Barnabas mention Tamasus as the meeting point of Barnabas and Heraclide, made bishop by Barnabas.</p><br>
<p>Tamassos is referred to as a city of Cyprus until the 10th century AD, but by then it was already in decline. The mines were abandoned after their exhaustion, and the economy was destroyed. Much later on, the city was replaced by small settlements such as Politiko and Episkopeio. The name "Politiko" refers to the brilliant ancient city it has replaced, whereas the name "Episkopeio" is reminiscent of Tamassos&#39;s old diocese. "Ergates" has been thus named because it is the area where the mine workers lived, while "Pera Orinis" is named because it is opposite Politiko ("pera" being Greek for "yonder"), and because it is located in a hilly area ("oreinis" being Greek for "of the mountains" as opposed to the village "Pera Chorio Nisou" which is in the lowlands). It is believed that these settlements are a continuation of ancient Tamassos and that the inhabitation of this region has thus been continuous from the ancient Prehistoric times until present times.</p><br>
<h2>The Archaeological Site</h2><br>
<p>The centre of the town, which is believed to have been the location of various public buildings and shrines, is thought to be under the village of Politiko and the nearby Greek Orthodox monastery of "Agios Herakleidios".</p><br>
<p>Sporadic excavations between 1970 and 1990 in the outer area resulted in the discovery of many artifacts as well as parts of the original city dating from the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic eras. The visible sections of this large and important archaeological site also include the site of the temple of Aphrodite, the two majestic royal tombs, and other graves.</p><br>
<p>Fortifications which surrounded the city during the Archaic period have also been unearthed, as well as, copper-processing installations, clay and stone statuettes, and various oblation-vessels, censers, and oil lamps. A limestone altar was found nearby Aphrodites temple as well as a temple devoted to Kiveli (the Mother of Gods). The latter was discovered alongside an epigraphic testimony regarding the goddess worship. In addition, there are various literary references proving the worshipping of Apollo, Aesculapius, and Dionysus.</p><br>
<p>Recently six unique life-size, limestone, undamaged sculptures were discovered in the royal necropolis, of which two represented sphinxes and four represented lions in a crouching position. The exquisite sculptures date from the 6th century BC when the Ptolomies ruled the island.</p><br>
<h3>The necropolis and the tombs</h3><br>
<p>North-east of Aphrodite&#39;s temple lies the necropolis of Tamassos. In addition, three cemeteries are located in the region. One dates back to the Copper / Bronze Age, another to the Archaic period, whilst the third belongs to the Hellenistic era and the times of Roman rule.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Bronze Age cemetery is probably close to the Lambertes barrow (south-east of the Politiko village). South-west of the "Agios Herakleidios" monastery, a tomb belonging to the Middle Bronze era was dug up in 1963. Yet another tomb from the latter part of the Bronze Age was excavated south-east of the monastery, in the region between the present-day nunnery and the Lambertes barrow.</p><br>
<p>The Archaic era cemetery is located south-west of the village, between the region&#39;s two rivers, of which one is the torrential Pediaios, which waters most of Nicosia District and particularly the fertile (and now North Cyprus) area of Mesaoria.</p><br>
<p>The Hellenistic/Roman cemetery is found on a slope north-west of Politiko, where the "Agios Mnason" monastery once existed.</p><br>
<p>Many shrines also seem to have existed around the ancient city of Tamassos. This can be proven by the presence of the Archaic earthen statue and the famous bronze statue of Apollo found in the area.</p><br>
<p>Nowadays the two monasteries of St. Herakleidios and St. Mnason are believed to be important monuments of the region.</p><br>
<h2>Tamassos today</h2><br>
<p>Tamassos now includes the area in which the villages of Psimolofou, Episkopeio, Pera Orinis, Ergates, Politiko, Kampia, Analyontas, and Kapedes are located. For the past few centuries, the villages have developed from being poor agricultural villages housing some 10 families to becoming villages consisting of 1000 inhabitants. Pera Orinis and Politiko retain much of the older buildings of the older settlements at the centre of the villages, which are deemed to be of high cultural significance. Highlights of these include the church of Panagia Odigitria, the Old Mill, the Parthenagogion and Arenagogion, as well as the recently restore chapel of St George of Pera Orinis, and the famous Tombs of the Kings of the village of Politiko.</p><br>
<p>The Ayers House is the modern name for an historic mansion in Adelaide, South Australia located on North Terrace. It is named after Sir Henry Ayers, five times Premier of South Australia and wealthy industrialist, who occupied it from 1855 until 1897. It is the only mansion on North Terrace to have survived. The house was listed on the South Australian Heritage Register since 24 July 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Plans for the historic two-storey mansion, which for the greater part of its existence was named Austral House, were developed in 1846 for William Paxton, an Adelaide chemist. It is constructed of local bluestone and is Regency period in style. The mansion is thought to have been designed by George Strickland Kingston. It was one of the first properties in Adelaide to be fitted with gas lighting.</p><br>
<p>In 1855, Sir Henry Ayers leased the property when it was a 9-room brick house. He transformed it into a 40-room mansion over a number of years during the 1860s and it was finally completed in 1876. The architect was Sir George Strickland Kingston who interpreted the work of Robert Kerr, a leading architect of the period in Britain. Internally, the rooms of the mansion feature hand-painted ceilings, stencilled woodwork and contain memorabilia from the Ayers family, demonstrating the wealth of the owners at the time it was built. Ayers also commissioned the building of a basement to allow him to escape the hot Adelaide summers. During Ayers&#39; parliamentary service, the house was used for Cabinet meetings, parliamentary dinners and grand balls.</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>In 1897 Ayers died, and in 1909, following an Adelaide Club ball at the house, Henry Newland proposed the club purchase the property and plans were drawn up then abandoned. Eventually, it was sold in 1914 to Arthur John Walkley and Henry Woodcocks company Austral Gardens Ltd. They built a dance hall "The Palais Royal" on its western side and entertainment areas to the east. Since then, the mansion has had many functions including a club for injured soldiers (from 1918 to 1922) and an open-air cafe (from 1914 to 1932). The State Government bought the property in 1926 to house nurses and to house a nurse training facility (it was opposite the Adelaide Hospital). Further dormitories were added in 1946 and were removed in 1973. Austral House was closed as a nurses quarters in 1969.</p><br>
<p>In 1970 Premier Don Dunstan overrode his Cabinet colleagues to save the historic building from being demolished. With his tourism brief he moved to renovate the mansion as a tourist and cultural centre with a museum and fine dining and bistro restaurants. In additional much of the house was conserved to original condition and today on display in the museum are costumes, silverware, artworks and furniture, as well as a 300 kg chandelier and the original gasoliers. The bedrooms became the famous "fine dining" Henry Ayers Restaurant, and the stables a bistro. Today there are 4 private event rooms, and for the last 45 years it has been used as a wedding and event centre.</p><br>
<p>The Imjin River  or Rimjin River  is the 7th largest river in Korea. It flows from north to south, crossing the Demilitarized Zone and joining the Han River downstream of Seoul, near the Yellow Sea. The river is not the namesake of the Imjin Waeran Japanese invasions of Korea in the late 16th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rimjin River was the site of two major battles: The Battle of the Imjin River during the Seven-Year War in 1592, and the Battle of the Imjin River that took place during the Korean War.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The active channel of the Rimjin River utilizes only about 150 to 200 feet of the 1,200 ft width of the dry riverbed that it runs through, which is bordered by almost vertical rock cliffs standing approximately 75 ft above the mean low water level. It gives no indication in normal times of the tremendous power it develops when in flood. During the Korean rainy season of July and August, the Imjin becomes a raging torrent, largely confined by its steep rocky banks. Fed by its larger tributaries and many small mountain streams, it reaches flood heights of 48 ft above mean water level and a velocity of 15 to 20 ft/s. The rapid runoff of approximately 95 percent of precipitation during heavy general rains has caused the Imjin, on occasion, to rise at a rate of more than six feet per hour.</p><br>
<p>During the severe Korean winter, icy winds sweep down the Imjin; the sub-zero temperatures cause thick ice to form on the river. Fluctuations in the level of the river, particularly tidal action in the lower reaches, break up this ice, and large amounts of floe ice pile up against any obstacle in the channel.</p><br>
<p>The Imjin has been nicknamed by many in South Korea as the "River of the Dead" due to large numbers of dead bodies that have, in the past, floated down it from the North. The most recent occurrence was during the major famine of the 1990s when millions of North Koreans are believed to have starved to death.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In the popular novel MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors, the MASH 4077 unit is located close to a branch of the Rimjin River.</p><br>
<p>The Rimjin River is the subject of a famous north Korean popular song, "Rimjingang", named after the river. It was composed in 1957 with lyrics written by North Korean poet Pak Se-yong. It is a well-known forbidden song in North Korea, as it refers to the Rimjin River as a symbol of freedom flowing from north to south. This song depicts the sadness of a divided homeland and alludes to the infamous history of the river. The song later became popular in Japan when it was covered by The Folk Crusaders.</p><br>
<p>Lac La Belle  is a small unincorporated community in Keweenaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The town was originally the site of a stamping plant for the copper mines of the Keweenaw, specifically the Mendota Mine and the Delaware Mine. Copper-bearing rock was transported from the mines to the stamping plant, where it was processed and loaded onto freighters.</p><br>
<p>The nearby lake of the same name is a typical "Canadian Shield"-type lake averaging approximately 30 ft and empties into Lake Superior at Bete Gris, by way of both a natural channel and a dredged canal. The canal was dredged in the 1860s with funding from several copper mining companies, for use by lake freighters, carrying copper ore.</p><br>
<p>The lake contains northern pike, walleye, smallmouth bass, perch, bluegill, sunfish, rock bass, carp and an occasional muskie.</p><br>
<p>The Little Gratiot River and several creeks empty into Lac La Belle. A small roadside park within the town contains Haven Falls on Haven Creek, which also empties into the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lac La Belle has an active summer tourist industry, with many summer cottages and resorts. The area has many dense forests and small mountains. There are backwoods outfitters who guide hikers through these areas. In the winter, the nearby Mount Bohemia attracts skiers and snowboarders.</p><br>
<p> Bone Cave is a cave located in Van Buren County, Tennessee, in the community of Bone Cave that is named after it. It is notable both for its history and current recreational use. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and a designated National Natural Landmark. It is a 400 acre State Natural Area managed by Rock Island State Park. It is named for the discovery of the bones of a giant ground sloth in 1811. The cave was operated as a saltpeter mine, notably during the War of 1812 and the American Civil War. A variety of natural remains and human artifacts has been well preserved in the dry atmosphere of the cave. The cave is the 10th longest mapped cave in Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>Big Bone Cave formed in Mississippian Montegeale limestone originally on the western escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau. The cave formed prior to 5.7 ±1.09 Ma based in cosmogenic radionuclide dating of pebbles washed into the Muster Ground room. Large rooms formed during a long period of water table stability when the climate was warmer and sea levels were higher reducing erosion throughout the Mississippi drainage. At the time, the Cumberland River flowed across the Highland Rim before the formation of the Nashville Basin. Global cooling 3.2-3.1 Ma triggered a 75 – sea-level drop which increased erosion (incision) up the Mississippi River and led to the Cumberland River cutting into the Highland Rim and its headwaters, the Collins River, cutting into the Cumberland Plateau. The lower water table would have drained the water filling the caverns. Further erosion isolated Bone Cave Mountain from the Cumberland Plateau.</p><br>
<p>Naches Pass  is a mountain pass of the Cascade Range in the state of Washington. It is located about 50 mi east of Tacoma and about 50 mi northwest of Yakima, near the headwaters of tributary streams of the Naches River on the east and the Greenwater River on the west. The boundaries of Pierce, King, Kittitas, and Yakima counties come together at the pass. The pass lies on the boundary between the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie and Wenatchee National Forests, about 10 mi northeast of Mount Rainier National Park. In 1853 a pioneer wagon road was built over the pass.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The old Native American route known as the Naches Trail traveled over Naches Pass and through the Cascade Mountains to connect the various Salish people on the west side (Nisqually & Puyallup) to the Yakima people on the east side of the mountains. The principal items of trade were fish and horses.</p><br>
<p>Used by Catholic missionaries and the Hudson’s Bay Company, the Naches Trail was officially explored in the summer of 1841 when Lieutenant Charles Wilkes of the United States Exploring Expedition directed Lieutenant Robert E. Johnson to proceed east over the Cascades via the Naches Pass. The expedition followed the existing Indian trail around the northern flank of Mount Rainier and over the pass. They proceeded to Fort Colvile and Fort Okanogan east of the mountains.</p><br>
<p>The fledgling settlements of Puget Sound were slow to develop in part due to lack of easy access. In 1850, M.T. Simmons, one of the first pioneer settlers of the region, led an effort to cut a road over Naches Pass, but the heavy forest and steep ridges made the effort difficult and the attempt failed. Emigrants arriving in Portland, Oregon Territory, who wished to continue north had to slog up the muddy Cowlitz Trail, first by river and then overland, to the southern end of Puget Sound. One of the first tasks taken up by Washington Territory when it was separated from Oregon Territory was to build a wagon road over the Cascades that aimed to divert emigrants heading to the Willamette valley to Puget Sound instead.</p><br>
<p>Unwilling to wait for the slow-moving federal government to act, and in order to attract 1853 emigrants already en route, the citizens of Puget Sound collected funds to send Edward Jay Allen, John Edgar, George Shazer and Whitfield Kirtley into the field to survey the Naches Pass route to determine its suitability as a wagon road. The road viewers departed June 1, 1853, and sixteen days later broke out into the open prairies of eastern Washington. Their conclusion was that a wagon road could be built. Allen hurried back to Olympia with the news, leaving for posterity his personal, detailed account of that exploration.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Captain George B. McClellan received specific orders in April, 1853 from both Governor Isaac Stevens and Secretary of War Jefferson Davis to search the Cascade passes for an appropriate route for a military wagon road, to build the road in time for use by that fall’s emigrant migration, and to determine the suitability of the various passes as a route for a future railroad. He left Columbia Barracks (today’s Vancouver, Washington) and slowly worked his way into the Cascade Mountains.</p><br>
<p>As it became clear that McClellan would not have a road constructed by fall (if ever), the citizens of Puget Sound took it upon themselves to build that road. Funds were solicited to supply two teams of road builders. One team, led by Edward Jay Allen, worked east from the Puyallup valley to Naches Pass and a few miles beyond.</p><br>
<p>The second team, led by Whitfield Kirtley, was to work west, finishing the road between Yakima and the pass. Unfortunately this team “fell out among themselves” and returned to Olympia within a month, accomplishing little beyond marking the route with blazes.</p><br>
<p>On August 25, 1853 McClellan finally made his way to Naches Pass, deemed it unfit for a railroad, and continued north. On September 12 Andrew Moore, a member of Olympia’s road committee, tracked the captain down near present day Ellensburg and got him to agree to put Allen’s men under government contract. They would from that date forward be paid to build the road they had been constructing for two months as volunteers. Apparently satisfied that he had fulfilled his orders in regards to building a road over the mountains, McClellan continued his journey north, anticipating his upcoming rendezvous with Governor Stevens who was working his way west from Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The James Longmire wagon train arrived at Fort Walla Walla in early September 1853, with plans to continue to Puget Sound. Persuaded to take the new "People&#39;s Road" over Naches Pass, they followed a route up the Naches and Little Naches Rivers to the mountains, leaving the prairies of eastern Washington behind and encountering northwest forests for the first time in mid-September. Here they followed Kirtley’s blazes marking a trail, but no road. The wagon train cut a road as they went. Within five miles of the pass (east side) they picked up Allen’s more substantial road and reached Naches Pass in early October.</p><br>
<p>After encountering difficulties such as running low on food supplies, having to lower the wagons a down steep incline with ropes, and fording the White River multiple times, the wagon train made its way down the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains. The emigrants broke out of the forest and into open prairie country at the site of present-day Enumclaw and arrived at Fort Steilacoom in mid-October.</p><br>
<p>The Mitchell wagon train crossed the pass only three weeks later followed by others in 1854, but the Naches Pass Wagon Road never became popular. In addition to the difficult descent from Naches Pass (eased in 1854), it also required 68 crossings of the Naches and Little Naches Rivers east of the pass and multiple crossings of the White River on the west side.</p><br>
<p>In 1854, Lieutenant Richard Arnold, stationed at Ft. Steilacoom, was officially tasked with overseeing the completion the road. He scouted it in May with Allen, then put Allen and his crew back under government contract to return in the summer of 1854 to improve and polish (or in Allen’s word “sandpaper”) their work. Among the emigrant parties using the road in the fall of 1854 were the wagon trains of Winfield Scott Ebey and Jacob Redding Meeker.</p><br>
<p>In 1855, the outbreak of the Puget Sound Indian War and Yakima Indian War preoccupied settlers and left use of the wagon road to the Indians and army. In addition, in early 1855, Lieutenant Abiel Tinkham had already reported on the superiority of Snoqualmie Pass as a cross-mountain route. Following the Indian wars, the Naches Pass route was used almost exclusively by stockmen who drove their herds both ways over the pass on a regular basis until the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, Ezra Meeker lobbied mightily to get the state legislature to select the Naches Pass route for a southern cross-state highway. The deep dollars of the railroads and their plans to build a hotel on the north side of Mount Rainier National Park led to the creation of the Chinook Pass highway instead. A proposed road through the Naches Pass was added to the state highway system in 1943, and is still in state statutes as State Route 168, but the road has never been built. Today, the old wagon road is a very popular and nationally recognized jeep trail.</p><br>
<p>The Marin Hills are a series of steep high ridges and peaks in southern Marin County. They are a part of the long Pacific Coast Ranges mountain system. The centerpoint of these hills is the 2,571 foot  Mount Tamalpais near Mill Valley. The hills are bordered to the north by the Santa Rosa Plain and Laguna de Santa Rosa; to the east by San Pablo Bay, the northern arm of San Francisco Bay; to the south by Golden Gate Strait; and to the west by the San Andreas Fault, running through Tomales Bay, Olema Valley, Bolinas Lagoon, and Stinson Beach. Parts of the hills are protected for their scenic beauty by Mount Tamalpais State Park and the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The many ridges and peaks of these hills form a dramatic backdrop to the Golden Gate Bridge, the San Francisco skyline, and several towns around Richardson Bay when viewed from the south.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Since these hills lie near the Pacific Ocean, they force much of the incoming moisture out of the air and rainfall here is much greater than the bayside of Marin County. Due to this orographic rain effect, the Marin Municipal Water District has constructed several dams and reservoirs to store water for the population of Marin. The high rainfall also makes these hills conducive for Coast redwood and Douglas-fir. However, a side effect is that the eastern hills, where most of Marin&#39;s population lives, are drier and hotter due to the shielding of marine breezes. The low hills to the east support only California oak woodlands, chaparral and grasslands.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape</h2><br>
<p>The western part of the hills once had extensive old growth forests, but in the 1800s they were a source of timber for the San Francisco Bay Area, and thus logging took out most of the old growth stands; however, one old growth stand remained uncut in Sequoia Canyon, due to the steep terrain and it therefore withstood pressure from loggers and water companies. This stand is now the Muir Woods National Monument, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The parklands of these hills are popular with tourists and locals alike seeking to escape the urban areas of the Bay Area.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Black-tailed Deer is the most common large mammal of the Marin Hills.</p><br>
<p>The Russell Falls, a tieredcascade waterfall on the Russell Falls Creek, is located in the Central Highlands region of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The Russell Falls are situated on the eastern boundary of Mount Field National Park, 100 m downstream of the Horseshoe Falls, approximately 70 km northwest of Hobart via the Brooker and Lyell highways. Accessible by a paved walking track, the falls are a popular tourist attraction. The waterfall descends over horizontal marine Permian siltstone benches, while the vertical faces of the falls are composed of resistant sandstone layers.</p><br>
<p>They were first named the Brownings Falls after the original discoverer, circa1856, but were known as the Russell Falls after 1884, by which time they were already a popular tourist attraction. The Falls Reserve was established in 1885 and in 1899 the Russell Falls were selected as one of eight images to be used on a set of pictorial postage stamps, aimed at promoting the then colony&#39;s growing tourist industry.</p><br>
<p>Russell Falls Mt Field National Park.jpgLower curtain of Russell Falls with upper tiers visible at top of image</p><br>
<p>Upper Tier Of Russell Falls 4787.jpgThe upper tier of Russell Falls</p><br>
<p>The Montezuma Falls , a horsetail waterfall on a minor tributary to the Pieman River, is located on the West Coast Range of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>The falls draws its name from Montezuma (1466-1520), an Aztec emperor of Mexico. A mining company called the Montezuma Silver Mining Company, formed in 1891, held leases in the area surrounding the falls.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The Montezuma Falls are situated north-east of Zeehan, near the village of, accessible via the Murchison Highway. The falls commence at an elevation of 449 m above sea level and descend in the range of 103 -, making the falls one of the highest in Tasmania.</p><br>
<p>The 8 km three-hour return walking track from the trackhead at the foot of Mount Read near.</p><br>
<h2>Railway</h2><br>
<p>The track follows much of the route of the former 2 ft narrow gauge North East Dundas Tramway and earlier views of the falls include the passing railway line</p><br>
<p>The proximity of the line to the falls was described in 1926:</p><br>
<p>This little railway is a "show" line of the highest order, for it dives quickly amongst the mountains, brushing the fringe of immense forests, and at one point giving a near view, of the hand- some Montezuma Falls-so near that the spray actually dashes at times against the carriage win- dows. From Williamsford one can take a motor for the five miles to Rosebery</p><br>
<p>The railway alignment, after closing of the operation was used for trips to view the falls</p><br>
<p>The Liffey Falls, a series of four distinct tieredcascade waterfalls on the Liffey River, is located in the Midlands region of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The Liffey Falls are situated upstream of the town of Liffey, in Meander Valley, accessible from via the Lake Highway. The falls commence from the Great Western Tiers at an elevation of 514 m above sea level and descend in the range of 120 -. Each of the tiered cascades is named in order from upstream to downstream; Alexandra Falls, Hopetoun Falls, The Leap or Spout Falls (also called the Albert Falls), and Victoria Falls.</p><br>
<p>Walking tracks lead to the falls from both upstream(tourist carpark), and downstream.</p><br>
<h2>Ethnology-history of the area</h2><br>
<p>The area surrounding Liffey Falls was a meeting place for Tasmanian Aborigines for thousands of years prior to Colonialism in Australia. The Liffey River was originally called Tellerpangger by the Panninher clan who occupied the area.</p><br>
<p>In 1827 a significant massacre of up to sixty of the Pallittorre clan by European colonists took place during the Black War.</p><br>
<p>Spout Falls, Liffey, Tasmania.jpgSpout Falls.</p><br>
<p>Liffey Cascade, Liffey, Tasmania.jpgLiffey Cascade.</p><br>
<p>Monte Civetta  is a prominent and major mountain of the Dolomites, in the Province of Belluno in northern Italy. Its north-west face can be viewed from the Taibon Agordino valley, and is classed as one of the symbols of the Dolomites.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is thought to have been first climbed by Simeone di Silvestro in 1855, which, if true, makes it the first major Dolomite peak to be climbed. The north-western face, with its 1,000-metre-high cliff, was first climbed in 1925 by Emil Solleder and Gustl Lettenbauer. It is historically considered the first "sixth grade" in six-tier scale of alpinistic difficulties proposed by Willo Welzenbach (corresponding to 5.9). Thirty years later UIAA used this as a basis for its grading system.</p><br>
<p>Woodlark Island, known to its inhabitants simply as Woodlark or Muyua, is the main island of the Woodlark Islands archipelago, located in Milne Bay Province and the Solomon Sea, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>Although no formal census has been conducted since 1990, the current population is estimated at approximately 6000 people (see section below on Population Issues). There is one primary school on the island (in Kulumadau) that teaches about 200 students (60 students are from outer islands); to attend highschool/secondary school, and all children must travel to Alotau on the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Woodlark Island is also called Woodlark or Woodlarks by English language speakers. It is called Murua by the inhabitants of some other islands in the province. The wider Woodlark Islands group also consists of Madau and Nusam to the west, Nubara to the east, and the Marshall Bennett group to the southwest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An Italian missionary order of Catholic clergy, the Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions (P.I.M.E.), sent five priests and two brothers to Woodlark Island in 1852. Giovanni Battista (John) Mazzucconi was killed there in 1855 by an islander called Avicoar who opposed the missionaries and their religion.</p><br>
<p>Operation Chronicle was the name given to the landing of Allied forces on Woodlark Island and Kiriwina on June 30, 1943, during World War II. Within a few months of the landing USA Navy Seabees had constructed a major airbase at Guasopa Bay, known as Woodlark Airfield (later Guasopa Airport).</p><br>
<p>Woodlark Island has had a long history of gold mining dating back to the late 1800s with records showing an estimated pre-World War II gold production, including alluvial sources, of about 220,000 ounces of gold. The island has been extensively logged for ebony which has always been an important cash economy to the communities on the island since the 1970s. Modern gold exploration was initiated on Woodlark Island in 1962 with the Bureau of Mineral Resources undertaking surface geochemistry, limited geophysics and diamond drilling during 1962 and 1963 at Kulumadau.</p><br>
<h2>Population issue</h2><br>
<p>The most recent figures are those of the 1990 census, which note about 1,700 people. The largest villages in the census were Kaulay (160), Moniveyova (140) and Wabunun (154), and these villages are the largest today. However, separate from the villages are the two post-colonial creations of Guasopa and Kulumadau (described in the census book as large rural non-villages), which both have relatively large populations, 147 and 242 respectively. As such, Kulumadau is typically seen as the largest conglomeration of people on the island. Since the 1990 census, Guasopa has gained a health center, while Kulumadau has gained a medium-sized timber company (Milne Bay Logging) and a mining exploration camp (BHP).</p><br>
<p>In terms of the traditional divisions of the island, the eastern region (Muyuw) accounts for about 600 people (44% total population), central region (Wamwan) for 400 people (30% total population), and the southern region (Madau/Neyam) for 350 people (26% total population). An unofficial census in 2010 counts place the total population of Woodlark Island at around 6,000 people, with the largest conglomeration of people still in the non-villages of Kulumadau and Guasopa, and the largest village of Kaulay.</p><br>
<p>Historically, the island may have lost up to two-thirds of its population between 1850 and 1920, according to Fred Damon, an anthropology professor from the University of Virginia who lived on Woodlark Island in the mid-1970s. That is, from an estimated 2,200 people on Woodlark Island during first European contact, the population had dropped to between 700 and 900 by about 1915, though it has rebounded over the years.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>The island includes a volcanic core of Tertiary age and a wide limestone belt, mainly originated by corals (coral reefs are still active around the island). Also intrusive rocks and sedimentary sands are found.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Murua Gharial</h3><br>
<p>An extinct gharial species, "Gavialis" papuensis (occasionally informally referred to as "Murua Gharial"), occurred in Woodlark Island during the Pleistocene or Holocene period. A late surviving gryposuchine, this 2-3 meter long piscivore was the last known truly marine crocodilian (modern saltwater crocodiles that still occur in the Solomon only occasionally venture into the sea, preferring freshwater environments), found in association with sirenian and sea turtle remains. Like other insular Pleistocene megafauna, it was presumably hunted to extinction by the first human settlers of the islands.</p><br>
<h3>Conservation</h3><br>
<p>A plan by the Malaysian company Vitroplant to use 70% of the island for palm oil production was scrapped after opposition from the islands inhabitants. The project was seen as a threat to endemic organisms on the island., a full wildlife survey of the island had not yet been carried out.</p><br>
<h3>Endemic snakes</h3><br>
<p>Due to its relative isolation, Woodlark Island is home to two endemic snake taxa.</p><br>
<p>Candoia paulsoni sadlieri Woodlark Island ground boa - a subspecies of the widely distributed Melanesian ground boa Candoia paulsoni.</p><br>
<p>Toxicocalamus longissimus Woodlark Island snake - a member of the endemic and inoffensive New Guinea worm-eating genusToxicocalamus.</p><br>
<p>There are NO medically important terrestrial venomous snakes on Woodlark Island.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Muyuw language, one of the Kilivila–Louisiades languages and part of the Austronesian language family, is spoken on the island.</p><br>
<p>The Georgetown Reservoir is a reservoir that is part of the water supply and treatment infrastructure for the District of Columbia. It is located in the Palisades neighborhood of Washington, D.C., approximately two miles downstream from the Maryland–D.C. boundary.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Washington Aqueduct project. It was partially completed by 1858, but work was suspended for lack of funds. Construction began again in 1862, and was complete in 1864. Additional construction and modifications to the reservoir were carried out through the 1860s and 1870s.</p><br>
<p>Water from the Dalecarlia Reservoir is pumped to the Georgetown Reservoir for further sedimentation before being treated at the McMillan Reservoir. The reservoirs and the nearby Dalecarlia water treatment plant are operated by the Army Corps of Engineers. The treated water is distributed throughout the city in water mains managed by the D.C. Water and Sewer Authority.</p><br>
<p>At the outlet of the Georgetown facility is a sluice gate building that controls the flow of water into Washington City Tunnel, which leads to the McMillan Reservoir. This structure, called the Georgetown Castle Gatehouse, was built by the Army (c. 1901) in the shape of a castle.</p><br>
<p>Beaverhead Rock, also known as Point of Rocks, is a rock formation in Montana. It is located on Montana State Highway 41, 14 mi south of Twin Bridges of Madison County.</p><br>
<p>The rock formation is protected within Beaverhead Rock State Park, and is located above the Beaverhead River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Beaverhead Rock is a rock feature identified in 1805 by Sacagawea, during the Lewis and Clark Expedition, as a landmark not distant from the summer retreat of her nation. According to the Journal of Lewis:</p><br>
<p>the Indian woman recognized the point of a high plain to our right which she informed us was not very distant from the summer retreat of her nation on a river beyond the mountains which runs to the west. This hill she says her nation calls the Beaver&#39;s Head, from a conceived resemblance of its figure to the head of that animal...as it is now all important with us to meet with those people as soon as possible I determined to proceed tomorrow with a small party...and pass the mountains to the Columbia; and down that river until I found the Indians...without horses we shall be obliged to leave a great part of our stores...</p><br>
<p>The Salève is a mountain of the French Prealps located in the departement of Haute-Savoie . It is also called the "Balcony of Geneva".</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Geographically, the Salève is a mountain of the French Prealps located in the department of Haute-Savoie, but geologically a part of the Jura chain, as the Vuache is.</p><br>
<p>Below the Salève is the Geneva urban area where more than 700,000 people live.</p><br>
<p>The Salève consists of the Pitons, the Grand and the Petit Salève, and culminates at 1379 meters at the Grand Piton. It is accessible by a cable car since 1932 (rebuilt in 1983), the Salève stretches between Étrembières in the north and the suspension bridge de la Caille in the south. Between 1892 and 1935, the Salève was served by the first electric rack railway in the world.</p><br>
<p>The eastern side of the Salève dives under the molasse of the Bornes Massif while the abrupt mountain slope facing Geneva is subject to erosion. The vegetation - or its absence - enhances the limestone&#39;s layers. This side of the mountain is slit by several narrow and deep gorges, among which the Grande Varappe, which at the end of the 19th century gave its name to the activity of rock climbing in French. This discipline developed intensely there, at a time when it was only beginning.</p><br>
<p>The Monnetier valley, separating the Petit and the Grand Salève, is due to glaciary erosion. Modern geologists now think that this valley was dug by the subglaciary currents in a fissured region between the Petit and the Grand Salève, and not by the Arve as was assumed earlier.</p><br>
<h2>From prehistory to green tourism</h2><br>
<p>Between 12,000 and 10,000 BC, the Salève hosted a magdalenian site. Since 1833, the physician from Geneva François Isaac Mayor, then the minister Taillefer and the dentist Thoily explored the mountain&#39;s past. The cliff near Veyrier turned out to be a prehistoric shelter. Bones (partridge, reindeer, horse, marmot...), flint and engraved wood was found in a dozen places, caves, shelters or settlements. There was a dolmen at Aiguebelle.</p><br>
<p>Between the Neolithic and the Bronze age, the settlements became more sedentary (Bossey, Chaffardon). An oppidum was erected on the Petit Salève around 1000 BC.</p><br>
<p>The Salève offers a magnificent panorama over the Geneva agglomeration, Lake Geneva, the south of the Jura mountains, the Prealps, Lake Annecy and the Mont Blanc. It is used for leisure time activities by the inhabitants of Geneva due to its proximity to the city (for this reason it is often called the "mountain of the Genevans"). One can practice rock climbing, hiking, mountain biking, paragliding, hang gliding, model aircraft, speleology as well as skiing at the Col de la Croisette. It can be accessed from the center of Geneva by public bus (No. 8, 34, 41) to Veyrier-Ecole or Veyrier-Douane. While the Salève is open to everybody for free, it also hosts agriculture - the cows of the Salève supply Geneva with milk - and forestry.</p><br>
<h2>"Le syndicat mixte du Salève" and the "Maison du Salève"</h2><br>
<p>The "Syndicat mixte du Salève" was created in 1994 and regroups the twenty communes on whose ground the Salève is located. Its objective is to appreciate and protect the mountain which is a "preserved island" in the middle of a French-Suisse territory that is highly urbanized with more than 700.000 inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>The syndicat opened the "Maison du Salève" in September 2007 in an ancient Mikerne farm house dating from 1733. This documentation center presents all aspects of the mountain: its history, patrimony, nature, sports and leisure. In the same year, it developed a charter for sustainable development of the Salève trying to reconcile the conservation of the massif with its increasing frequentation with a vision on 30 years. The "Maison du Salève" hosts a permanent exposition, temporary exhibitions as well as guided tours, excursions and conferences about the local patrimony and the environment.</p><br>
<p>The syndicat involves in its three work groups - agriculture, tourism and leisure, access and transportation - all users of the Salève, i.e., communes, sport clubs, environment protection associations, restorations, farmers, hunters, tourism offices etc.</p><br>
<h2>Tibetan temple</h2><br>
<p>Shedrub Choekhor Ling is a center of Tibetan Buddhism on the Salève, founded in 2010. It is under the direction of the Sangha sur Salève association.</p><br>
<p>The monastery opened its doors to public on Sep 2010. It has deck open for public from where the Jura mountains can be seen as the backdrop of Geneva city. It is beautiful to see the monks performing daily rituals and prayers inside the monastery and one could buy Buddhist and Tibetan handicrafts, decorative items, books and jewellery from the store in the monastery.</p><br>
<h2>The Salève in literature</h2><br>
<p>In Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, the creature after having fled climbs up the Salève (Chapter 7).</p><br>
<p>The Dedicace to the Last song of Harolds Pilgrimage, proposed by Lamartine in 1825 as the conclusion of his friend Lord Byrons uncompleted poem, is located on the Salève. Byron died in 1824. (See the French page for the complete "Dedicace").</p><br>
<p>"Le Ruisseau" is a poem by Théophile Gautier located on the foot of the Salève (1869). (See the French page for the complete poem).</p><br>
<h2>The Salève in paintings</h2><br>
<p>The Salève occurs on one of the first European paintings depicting a realistic landscape, La Pêche Miraculeuse by Konrad Witz created in 1444.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Clontarf Castle  is a much-modernised castle, dating to 1837, in Clontarf, Dublin, Ireland, an area famous as a key location of the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. There has been a castle on the site since 1172. In modern times, it has functioned as a bar, cabaret venue, and hotel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The deLacy family and the Templars</h3><br>
<p>The first castle on the grounds, of which no trace remains, was built in 1172 by either Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath, or his tenant Adam de Phepoe. Clontarf was subsequently held by the Knights Templar and, after their suppression in 1308, passed to the Knights Hospitaller, until they were in turn deprived of it at the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The last prior, John Rawson was created Viscount Clontarf in 1541 in return for surrendering the castle and its lands to the crown.</p><br>
<h3>16th century to 17th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1600 Queen Elizabeth I granted the estate to Sir Geoffrey Fenton, her secretary of state for Ireland, and it passed by marriage from his descendants to the King family. George King of Clontarf took part in the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and as a result his lands were confiscated.</p><br>
<h3>The Vernon family</h3><br>
<p>At the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, the Clontarf estate was given to Captain John Blackwell, on 14 August 1649. Blackwell afterwards sold his interest to John Vernon, Quartermaster General of Cromwell&#39;s army. The Vernon family was to remain in possession for some 300 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1660, John Vernon, passed Clontarf Castle to his son, Edward Vernon. Edward died in 1684 and one of his sisters took possession. In 1695 a first cousin of Edward&#39;s, also named John Vernon, claimed rights and the estate was granted to him by an Act of Parliament in 1698.</p><br>
<p>The last of the direct male line of Vernons at Clontarf was Edward Kingston Vernon (1869–1967), who succeeded to the estate on the death of his father Edward in 1913. He lived at the castle for only six months, after which time it was let to John George Oulton and his wife Mona, the only daughter of Walter Blades Calverley by Vernon&#39;s sister Edyth. The castle was finally sold to the Oultons in 1933.</p><br>
<p>JG Oulton, who took over the Vernon estate, died in the castle on 17 April 1952, and the Castle was left to his son, Desmond, who sold the property to pay death duties and other expenses.</p><br>
<h3>1957 to 1997</h3><br>
<p>The Castle remained vacant until 1957 when it was purchased by Mrs. Egan, who in turn sold it not long after to Eddie Regan in the 1960s. Gerry and Carmel Houlihan purchased the building in 1972 and ran it as a popular cabaret venue until 1998.</p><br>
<h3>Conversion to hotel</h3><br>
<p>The Castle re-opened to the public as a four-star, 111-room hotel in June, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<h3>Current structure</h3><br>
<p>The current building dates to 1837 and was designed by the Irish architect William Vitruvius Morrison for John Edward Venables Vernon, the then owner, when the previous building was found to be unsafe.</p><br>
<p>As the Clontarf Castle Hotel, it has been significantly enlarged by the addition of modern wings.</p><br>
<p>Most of the former estate lands are long since sold for housing, but there remains a modest curtilage, with an ornamental gatehouse; most of this is laid out for car parking.</p><br>
<h2>Art, music and literature</h2><br>
<p>Handel was a frequent visitor to the then castle during his stay in Dublin for the premiere of Messiah in 1742. The lady of the house at that time, Dorothy Vernon, was from Hanover and "particularly intimate" with the composer, who wrote a piece called Forest Music for her, said to combine German and Irish melodies. The neighbouring area of Dollymount is traditionally said to be named after this lady.</p><br>
<p>Clontarf Castle was painted by J. M. W. Turner, although he never visited (it is said to be his only Irish subject); his patron Walter Fawkes was married to Maria Sophia Vernon of Clontarf and one of her sketches is believed to have been the basis of the finished watercolour. The work was mislabelled Caltarf Castle and the subject was only positively identified in 1998 – it depicts the castle building previous to the present structure.</p><br>
<p>Some childhood memories of the castle in the early years of the 20th century appear in Enemies of Promise by the writer Cyril Connolly, whose mother was one of the Vernon family.</p><br>
<p>The castle is referred to by Phil Lynott of the Irish rock group Thin Lizzy in his song "The Friendly Ranger at Clontarf Castle", the opening track on their 1971 debut album Thin Lizzy.</p><br>
<p>Before reopening as a hotel in 1997 the castle was for many years a popular cabaret venue; comedians Tom OConnor and Maureen Potter and accordionist Dermot OBrien have each released live recordings made there. Dana was crowned Queen of Cabaret there in 1968, prior to winning the 1970 Eurovision Song Contest. The 1997 building works included the construction of a new conference and banqueting centre which hosts conferences and product launches, a regular antiques fair, and is a popular wedding venue. In 2014 Clontarf Castle Hotel was awarded the 2014 Best Hotel Event Venue award at the 2014 Event Industry Awards.</p><br>
<p>Choke Canyon Reservoir is a reservoir in South Texas, United States. The lake and the dam that creates it are owned by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and managed by the City of Corpus Christi.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Choke Canyon Reservoir is 4 miles (6 km) west of the town of Three Rivers and about 65 miles (105 km) south of the city of San Antonio. It impounds water from the Frio River shortly before the river&#39;s confluence with the Nueces River. The reservoir covers 25,670 acres (103.9 km²) in Live Oak and McMullen counties, and has a capacity of more than 695,000 acre.ft of water.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>Choke Canyon Reservoir provides drinking water for the city of Corpus Christi. The reservoir also provides good fishing opportunities, especially for largemouth bass and catfish. Choke Canyon State Park, located in two places on the south shore of the lake, provides access to the lake and a number of other recreational activities.</p><br>
<h2>Fish and plant life</h2><br>
<p>Choke Canyon Reservoir has been stocked with species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. Fish present in Choke Canyon Reservoir include alligator gar, white bass, white crappie, catfish, and largemouth bass, sunfish, and bluegill. Plant life in the lake includes American pondweed, coontail, water stargrass, rushes, cattail, and hydrilla.</p><br>
<p>It is also the westernmost range of the American Alligator.</p><br>
<p>Naousa , officially The Heroic City of Naousa is a city in the Imathia regional unit of Macedonia, Greece with a population of 18,882 .</p><br>
<p>An industrial center since the 19th century, for most of the 20th century the history of Naousa was closely intertwined with that of the Lanaras family, local industrialists who, at the height of their influence, employed almost half of Naousa&#39;s population in their textile factories. The Lanaras family built hospitals, social centers etc. while streets of Naousa were named after family members. In the 1990s and 2000s however, most of the local factories closed, leaving Naousa with a serious (and still unresolved) unemployment problem.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Naousa was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Anthemia</p><br>
<p>Eirinoupoli</p><br>
<p>Naousa</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 425.491 km, the municipal unit 300.891 km.</p><br>
<h3>Province</h3><br>
<p>The province of Naousa (Επαρχία Νάουσας) was one of the provinces of Imathia. It had the same territory as the present municipality. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city is situated in ancient Emathia west of the ancient Macedonian town of Mieza and the site of ancient School of Aristotle. The area, according to Herodotus, was where the fertile Gardens of King Midas were situated. Later, in the current position of the city, the Romans established the colony of Nova Augusta. The name changed through the centuries to Niagusta, Niaousta and Niaousa, until it became today&#39;s Naousa. It was known as "Ağustos" during Ottoman rule.</p><br>
<p>In 1705, an armatolos named Zisis Karademos led a Greek uprising against the local Ottoman garrison.</p><br>
<p>In 1822, during the Greek War of Independence, the fighting in Central Macedonia against the Turks came to a dramatic finale in Naousa. Abdul Abud, the Pasha of Thessaloniki, arrived on 14 March at the head of a 16,000 strong force and 12 cannons. The Greeks defended Naousa with a force of 4,000 under Anastasios Karatasos, Dimitrios Karatasos, Aggelis Gatsos, Karamitsos and Philippos, the son of Zafeirakis Theodosiou, under the overall command of Zafeirakis Theodosiou and Anastasios Karatasos. The Turks attempted to take the town of Naousa on 16 March, and again on 18 and 19 March, without success. On 24 March the Turks began a bombardment of the city walls that lasted for several days. After requests for the town&#39;s surrender were dismissed by the Greeks, the Turks charged the Gate of St George on Good Friday, 31 March. The Turkish attack failed but on 6 April, after receiving fresh reinforcements of some 3,000 men, the Turkish army finally overcame the Greek resistance and entered the city. In an infamous incident, as the rebels were abandoning the town, some of the women left behind committed suicide by falling down a cliff over the small river Arapitsa. Zafeirakis Theodosiou was pursued by a Turkish unit and was killed. The other Greek leaders retreated southwards. Abdul Abud laid the town and surrounding area to waste. The fall and massacre of Naousa marked the end of the Greek Revolution in Central Macedonia.</p><br>
<p>Naousa has a large population of Aromanians, also known as Vlachs, and a small Romani population.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Naousa is located in Northwestern Imathia, 22 kilometers north of Veroia and 90 kilometers east of Thessaloniki, the biggest city in Northern Greece. The city lies on the eastern foothills of Vermio Mountains, one of the biggest mountain ranges in Greece, and west to the plain of Kambania (or Giannitsa). Naousa is today the largest forest-owning municipality in the country being also surrounded by orchards, producing peaches, apples, cherries and other fruits, while the jam brand name Naousa is well-known all over Greece. Naousa is also known for its parks (Municipal Park, Park of Saint Nicholas etc.) and for its ski resorts (3-5 Pigadia and Seli). Due to its location, altitude can raise by as much as 150m between the lowest and highest parts of the city, and it reaches nearly 550m in the Park of Saint Nicholas. Naousa is also home of one of the three female named Greek rivers, Arapitsa, together with Neda in Peloponnesus and Erkyna in Livadia.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Naousa has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) in the Köppen climate classification but due to its inland location and elevation, is more continental (and less Mediterranean) than that found in most Greek cities. It is heavily influenced by the mountains which rise rapidly up to the west, and by the plain of Kambania to the east. On one hand, the mountains shelter the area from cold winds blowing from the north and west down the Balkan Peninsula and also from hot southwest winds, creating a non-extreme microclimate. On the other they create föhn winds, which draw in cool, damp air from the Aegean coast. The annual precipitation of Naousa is typically lower than in western Greece, but it is one of the highest in the Macedonia region, measuring around 710 mm per year. Winters can be cold and Vermio mountains are home to two of the most famous skiing resorts in Greece, Seli and 3-5 Pigadia. In the city, snowfall is quite common and measurable amounts of snow can remain on the ground for several days. Typically, downtown Naousa experiences milder winter temperatures than the suburbs where temperatures can drop many degrees below zero. Recent years have been a lot warmer and the 2007 European heat wave saw Naousa reaching 40°C for the first time in recent memory, with an absolute maximum of 41.3°C in July 25th. In January 8th, 2017, temperature dropped to -10.5°C, which is a 10-year low.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Skiing club EOS Naousas is the oldest of the city&#39;s sporting clubs, having been founded in 1932. Naoussa also hosts the clubs Naoussa F.C., which played at First National Division of Greece for one year (season 1993-94) and EGS Zafeirakis Naousas (Ε.Γ.Σ.Ζαφειράκης Νάουσας) that competes at volleyball, handball and basketball. The name refers to the Greek prokritos Zafeirakis Theodosiou (Ζαφειράκης Θεοδοσίου) (1772–1822).</p><br>
<h2>International relations</h2><br>
<h3>Twin towns — Sister cities</h3><br>
<p>Naousa, Imathia is twinned with:</p><br>
<p>Missolonghi, Greece</p><br>
<p>Naousa, Paros, Greece</p><br>
<p>Faches-Thumesnil, France (1992)</p><br>
<p>Asenovgrad, Bulgaria (1994)</p><br>
<p>Zgorzelec, Poland (1998)</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Anastasios Michail (17th century-1722), theologian</p><br>
<p>Zisis Karademos(17th century-1705), armatolos, led a rebellion</p><br>
<p>Zafeirakis Theodosiou (18th century-1822), political leader</p><br>
<p>Lappas bros (19th century), merchants and benefactors of the city</p><br>
<p>Eleni Tsaligopoulou (1963-), Greek singer</p><br>
<p>Konstantinos Prousalis (1980-), Greek volleyball player</p><br>
<p>Naousa view from St Theologos hill 4.jpgAnother view</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Monument in Louisville is a 70-foot-tall monument formerly adjacent to and surrounded by the University of Louisville Belknap Campus in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Relocation of the monument to Brandenburg, Kentucky along the towns river front began November 2016, and was completed in mid-December. The granite and bronze structure was erected in 1895 by the Muldoon Monument Company with funds raised by the Kentucky Womans Confederate Monument Association. The monument commemorates the sacrifice of Confederate veterans who died in the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>As with many monuments to the Confederacy, some community activists, such as Louisville&#39;s late Reverend Louis Coleman, have called for the removal of the monument from such a prominent location due to a perceived association with the history of civil rights abuses against African-Americans. In the past, both the city and university have opposed such proposals. In 2002, the university announced plans to add civil rights monuments in the vicinity of the monument as part of a redevelopment called "Freedom Park". Two million dollars of funding, principally for the park, was secured in late 2008.</p><br>
<p>In late April 2016, officials in Louisville announced plans to remove the monument to another location. Subsequently, a Jefferson County Circuit Court Judge signed a temporary restraining order filed by the Kentucky Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans but dissolved the restraining order at a later hearing in May 2016.</p><br>
<p>On November 15, 2016, the Office of the Mayor in Louisville stated the monument would be dismantled and moved to Brandenburg, Kentucky. This was following input from the Louisville Commission on Public Art which held a public meeting earlier in July and received suggestions.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The idea for the monument was first conceived in the basement of the Walnut Street Baptist Church in May 1887 during discussion concerning the decoration of graves at Cave Hill Cemetery. Michael Muldoon, of the Louisville monument company, enclosed a photo of a Baltimore monument and advised in his letter only granite and bronze would stand the test of time. Nelly Marshall McAfee, author, poet, and daughter of Humphrey Marshall, expressed her regret at not being able to attend:</p><br>
<p>In an 1890 act of incorporation, the associations sole purpose was to erect a monument to the memory of soldiers of the Confederacy in or near the city of Louisville. From conception to completion, the Kentucky Womans Confederate Monument Association grew from 17 to over 250 members led by Susan Marshall Preston Hepburn as the association president. Hepburn, sister of William Preston and sister-in-law of Albert Sidney Johnston, had previously served as President of the Ladies Aid Society of the Masonic Widows and Orphans Home. While a large share of association members were from the Louisville area, women from across the state of Kentucky participated in an organization of 11 districts. Sasseen, a school teacher, was an early advocate for Mother&#39;s Day.</p><br>
<p>A marble arch over 3rd Street, dedicated to the "Unknown Confederate Dead", was an early monument proposal. Later the depression of 1893 appeared to slow funding. Examples of fund raising efforts included a performance of Ben Hur with over 100 performers in 1891, performance of the Toy Symphony in 1890, and river excursions on the Columbia. After the years of picnics, auctions, canvassing, dances, and other inducements, the monument was completed in summer 1895 at a cost of $12,000. However the association continued to hold fund raisers over a year after the dedication to pay off the outstanding debt to the Muldoon Monument Company. A lecture in November 1895 by Henry Watterson, editor of The Courier-Journal, netted over $700 for the late purpose.</p><br>
<p>At the close of the 19th century, the surviving members of the monument association continued efforts as members of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Hepburn requested the women not organize into a chapter until the remaining monument debt was paid off. Fifty members of the monument association organized the Albert Sydney Johnston Chapter #120 of the U.D.C. in 1897. Hepburn died shortly afterwards. By 1900, the women had raised funds for the construction of a stone fence and lamps around the monument, and that fall the Louisville city councilmen were arguing whether the cost to light the lanterns should be paid from private or city funds. In 1901, the remaining balance was donated towards the construction of another project.</p><br>
<h3>Yandell controversy</h3><br>
<p>In early August 1894, the Board of Public Works gave permission to the association to erect the monument on 3rd Street and began preparations to the site. Over 20 design submissions were accepted as the result of a public notice. The monument association executive committee, in a unanimous vote, initially chose the monument and sculpture design of Enid Yandell and W. J. Dodd, the architect, as the best of an ostensibly blind competition in September 1894. When informed of the selection, the larger association rejected the design. The Confederate Veteran magazine had earlier reported on Yandell&#39;s efforts in November 1893:</p><br>
<p>Yandells proposed design was a female allegorical figure described as martial Fame&#39; rising 75 feet high on a base of white limestone, a pedestal of gray granite, and a column of red granite with five 15-foot high bronze candelabras surrounding the perimeter.</p><br>
<h3>Dedication</h3><br>
<p>After a seven-month delay to fully prepare the site, the cornerstone was laid on May 25, 1895. Within the cornerstone, in a copper box, association members placed historical items including a mourning scarf, newspapers, poem and photographs, memoirs, Confederate currency, a Bible and a cigar of Jefferson Davis. Afterwards approximately 5,000 attended the decoration of graves at Cave Hill cemetery. The dedication was on July 30, 1895, in time to coincide with the 29th Grand Army of the Republic annual reunion later in September. The occasion began at 3 P.M. with a parade which started on Broadway passing down 3rd street to the monument and included 200 ex-Confederate soldiers following the band from the Industrial School of Reform. The only Confederate flag at the occasion was battle worn from the war and unfurled at the end of the event. Mayor Henry S. Tyler accepted the monument on behalf of the city. Basil W. Duke gave the oration, reportedly interrupted repeatedly by applause, in front of a large crowd gathered at the grounds of the School of Reform.</p><br>
<h3>Raleigh monument and Judge Thompson</h3><br>
<p>Muldoon constructed a similar monument, using original sculptures of Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller, in 1895 at the State Capitol grounds in Raleigh, North Carolina. Constructed at a cost of $25,000, this monument was paid from a state appropriation rather than private donations. The utilization of the same statue design significantly reduced the cost of construction in Louisville.</p><br>
<p>Research published in 1956 by Justus Bier, at the time Chair of the Department of Fine Arts at the University of Louisville, suggests one or both of the two lateral figures of both monuments were modeled by von Miller from photographs of W. R. Dicks, a Raleigh, North Carolina Confederate veteran. One of the uniforms was thought modeled from another Raleigh veteran, Thomas P. Devereux. The model for the infantryman of both monuments was believed to have been a photograph of Judge Reginald H Thompson of Louisville.</p><br>
<p>A Grand Master of Kentucky Masons, and Confederate veteran, Judge Thompson founded the Kentucky Childrens Home and Newsboys Home and Night School. He also took an active role with the Industrial School of Reform located across the street from the monument as well as the Masonic Widows and Orphans Home. During his funeral procession in 1899, those of all social classes and children from orphanages across the city of Louisville lined the streets to pay their respects. At the time of the dedication, it was reported that Judge Thompson&#39;s wife, Elizabeth, was chair of the association auxiliary committee.</p><br>
<p>The Courier-Journal, in May 1895, wistfully described the top figure:</p><br>
<p>J. M. Arnold who served with Thompson in the war for four years wrote in 1910 of his gallantry in the war and of his funeral:</p><br>
<h3>20th century proposals</h3><br>
<p>During the 1920s and 1940s there were proposals to move the monument to nearby Triangle Park (Stansbury Park) as a solution for traffic congestion and accidents, until public sentiment and city officials saved it. In 1921, Mayor George Weissinger Smith and the U.D.C. opposed the removal briefly advocated by the chairman of the Board of Public Works. Later, Louisville Mayor Charles P. Farnsley, a fighter for civil rights, and camp commander of the local Sons of Confederate Veterans, stood guard in front of the monument with a musket and made a public announcement on his wishes to keep the monument where it was. At a Rotary Club meeting in 1949, Farnsley was asked of the legal impediment to moving the monument to Triangle Park. Farnsley quipped, "Im the only hindrance, and Im not legal."</p><br>
<p>In 1954, the monument faced a more serious effort from Mayor Andrew Broaddus, grandson of one of the women of the monument association, to relocate the structure as a part of a $19 million citywide traffic project. By 1956, the mayor and the city compromised and agreed to reduce the area around the monument from a 48-foot diameter circle to a smaller elliptic plot to ease the traffic quandary and avoid moving the monument. The work, completed in 1957 at a cost of $140,000, closed off the Shipp Street entrance and directed local traffic from 3rd and 2nd Streets across Brandeis Avenue.</p><br>
<h3>Freedom Park</h3><br>
<p>The area presently occupied by the nearby University of Louisville was purchased in 1850 by the city for use as an underutilized cemetery. In 1859, the city transferred the land to the House of Refuge, an orphanage and reform school, also known as the Industrial School of Reform after 1886. As the first buildings neared completion, the Civil War broke out and the Union Army commandeered the buildings as hospitals until 1865. The University of Louisville purchased the property in 1923. The chapel of the House of Refuge was converted to The Belknap Playhouse by the university by 1925. In 1980, the Playhouse was rebuilt across the street at the north end of a triangle of land which includes the Confederate monument to the south.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, plans were conceived to integrate the monument and the Playhouse into the larger Freedom Park, with trees transplanted from Civil War battlefields. Meanwhile, a small street nearby then known as Confederate Place was renamed Unity Place. The street name change was requested by student leaders as earlier as 1989. January 2005, before the park development was funded, community activist Rev. Louis Coleman submitted a letter to Mayor Jerry Abramson advocating removal of the monument. On November 17, 2008, funding was approved, with the Kentucky state government using $1.6 million of federal funds and the university spending $403,000. Louisville sculptor Ed Hamilton was selected to create a civil rights monument to balance the Confederate Monument; Hamilton had already created an Abraham Lincoln memorial statue in Louisville. In 2002, the late J. Blaine Hudson, at the time Chair of the Pan-African Studies Department at the University of Louisville, explained:</p><br>
<p>In September 2015, the parks name was changed to Charles H. Parrish Jr. Freedom Park. The name reflects the contributions of Dr. Parrish (1899–1989) as the University of Louisvilles first African-American educator and Chair of the Sociology Department. At present, the park contains series of black granite obelisks detailing the history of Louisville as well as panels to commemorate the lives of community civil rights leaders.</p><br>
<h3>Controversy in 2016</h3><br>
<p>At a press conference, on April 29, 2016, the Mayor of Louisville Greg Fischer and University President James R. Ramsey explained their intention to immediately remove the monument and place it into storage where it would receive cleaning. They stated the monument would be reconstructed at a new location but the location had not yet been determined.</p><br>
<p>On May 2, 2016, a Jefferson County Circuit Court Judge signed a temporary restraining order filed by the Kentucky Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans along with several private individuals. The next day, the Jefferson County Attorney, representing the Mayor, asked for more time to prepare a defense for the intended monument removal. The Court granted an extension to May 25, 2016.</p><br>
<p>The plaintiffs contended that Mayor Fischer, by attempting removal of the monument, was violating state and federal preservation law. On Thursday May 5, 2016, the attorney for the plaintiffs amended the complaint arguing the monument does not belong to the City of Louisville nor the university. The revised complaint contended the monument belongs to the State of Kentucky as it is a part of the transportation right of way.</p><br>
<p>At a hearing on May 25, 2016, citing lack of evidence to issue an injunction, the Circuit Court Judge dissolved the temporary restraining order. The City of Louisville agreed to hold the removal until the Judge completed her written ruling. Judge Judith McDonald-Burkman dismissed the lawsuit on June 20, 2016, allowing the city to remove the monument. In her ruling, the Judge agreed there was no title or other document establishing legal ownership of the monument, but that the plaintiff&#39;s arguments were not sufficient.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, Mayor Fischer stated no work would proceed until the city art commission had met and chosen a new site. In July 2016, the Louisville Commission on Public Art met with the public to discuss options of where to move the monument. Suggestions to the commission included a river front park in Brandenburg, Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site, and a site in Paducah owned by the Sons of Confederate Veterans.</p><br>
<h3>Brandenburg, Kentucky</h3><br>
<p>On November 15, 2016, Mayor Fischer announced the monument would be moved to Brandenburg, located 44 miles west of Louisville along the Ohio River in Meade County, Kentucky. Sarah Lindgren, the public art administrator for Louisville, said the time capsule, thought located within the monument, would be loaned to the Filson Historical Society for an exhibit if it was found. Dismantlement of the monument began November 19, 2016 and the time capsule was located two days later, and found to be in a poor state of preservation. The monument was scheduled to be moved to Brandenburg the week of November 28, 2016.</p><br>
<p>The University of Louisville Foundation estimated the cost of moving the monument at roughly $400,000. $350,000 was estimated as contributed by the Foundation, with $50,000 from the City of Louisville, and with the town of Brandenburg contributing $10,000 for the new foundation. Messer Construction was tasked with the construction effort. The Mayor of Brandenburg, Ronnie Joyner, said the patina on the statues would not be removed. This decision was estimated to save about $7,400 in cost to the Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The work to relocate the monument to Brandenburg was completed on December 12, 2016. A monument rededication ceremony was performed on May 29, 2017 with approximately 400 in attendance.</p><br>
<p>The new location for the Confederate Monument is immediately west of the Riverfront Park at the terminus of Main Street in Brandenburg. According to the Kentucky Geologic Map Information Service, the foundation is resting on St. Louis Limestone. East of the monument is a state historical marker where Gen John Hunt Morgan and his men crossed into Indiana in July 1863. The state marker is an entry for a historical walking trail along the Ohio River. Figures commemorating Native American settlement of the region, the Underground Railroad and additional information panels regarding Morgan&#39;s crossing are located along the trail. The park is the site for a biennial Civil War reenactment of the Great Raid of 1863.</p><br>
<p>Meade County was also the recruitment center for the Boone Rangers, led by Capt. Frank Overton, who joined the command of Nathan Bedford Forrest in the summer of 1861. These men, in addition with teenage men recruited by Forrest from the greater Louisville area, became Forrest&#39;s first Company A of his 3rd Tennessee Cavalry Regiment.</p><br>
<h3>Historic status</h3><br>
<p>A 2002 act of the General Assembly created the Kentucky Military Heritage Commission. The Commission oversees the protection of monuments and memorials in their registry. The Confederate monument is currently listed as a potential site.</p><br>
<p>The monument was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 1997, one of sixty-one different Civil War-related sites in Kentucky so honored on the same day. Four other monuments are in Louisville/Jefferson County. The 32nd Indiana Monument and the Union Monument in Louisville were both in Cave Hill Cemetery, although the first is now at Louisville&#39;s Frazier History Museum to preserve it. John B. Castleman Monument is on Cherokee Circle in the Highlands, a block from Bardstown Road. The other, Confederate Martyrs Monument in Jeffersontown, is in Jeffersontown City Cemetery in Jeffersontown, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>In supplemental material collected for the 1997 nomination, Joseph E. Brent of the Kentucky Heritage Council argued Gaines Foster&#39;s three phases of the Lost Cause does not fit well with the Kentucky experience. Brent suggests two periods divided by the 19th and 20th centuries. Brent paraphrases the NRHP guidelines for eligibility to say that monuments moved out of their integrity of location, e.g. a monument moved from a cemetery to a public space, are not eligible for inclusion in the registry.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>At 70-foot-tall, the Louisville Confederate Monument is the second largest in the state of Kentucky and one of the most ornate. The monument was previously located at the intersection of 2nd and 3rd Streets, immediately south of West Brandeis Avenue in Louisville. It is built of granite, constructed by the Muldoon Monument Company, and includes three bronze Confederate soldiers designed by the sculptor Ferdinand von Miller II of Munich, Germany.</p><br>
<p>The infantryman located at the top of the column is 95-inches-tall and in a relaxed position with his rifle. The figure was facing north in the Louisville location. The two side figures near the base of the monument are 70-inches-tall. The east side artillerist is holding a ramrod with swab, and the west side cavalryman holds a partially unsheathed sword. "Our Confederate Dead, 1861–1865" and "Tribute to the Rank and File of the Armies of the South" are inscribed on the north and south face respectively. On the north face is a bronze medallion of the Great Seal of the Confederate States of America. At the top of the column are raised relief crossed swords on all four sides. Above the side figures on the east and west and on the south side are stylized raised relief lettering "CSA". The structure weighs about 140,000 pounds.</p><br>
<p>The monument base had a diameter of 48 feet in the early 20th century. A National Register of Historic Places nomination from 1990 describes four elaborate lamp standards that were placed at compass points as a part of a stone fence that once encircled the monument. In an early mention, the monument committee in 1897 proposed to write Frederick Law Olmsted, the park architect, to draw up plans for the structure. Early 20th century reports claim the perimeter lamps were designed by Louisville sculptor Enid Yandell. By 1921, the perimeter of the monument had suffered considerable damage from automobile accidents and the original lamps were changed out after two were knocked down. Both the fence and lamps were removed for traffic considerations in 1957.</p><br>
<p>A 1991 Louisville public art survey estimated cost of repairs to the monument between $20,000-$50,000 dollars including repair of the deteriorating bronze portions. The length of the sheath belonging to the cavalryman at the Raleigh site indicates contemporary damage to the Louisville cast.</p><br>
<p>Bessie Laub, art critic for The Courier-Journal in 1917, summarized the Confederate Monument in Louisville at the time:</p><br>
<p>The monument was used widely in advertisements for the Muldoon Monument Company.</p><br>
<h2>Monument images</h2><br>
<p>Gavia Pass   is a high mountain pass in the Italian Alps. It is the tenth highest paved road in the Alps.</p><br>
<p>The pass lies in the Lombardy region and divides the province of Sondrio to the north and the province of Brescia to the south. The road over the pass (SS 300) connects Bormio to the northwest with Ponte di Legno to the south and is single track most on its southern section.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing around Gavia Pass</h2><br>
<p>There are many peaks to climb around. Directly above the pass on its east side is Corno dei Tre Signori (3360 m) and next to it Monte Gaviola (3025). On the other side of the road raises Monte Gavia (3223 m). By continuing along the road in the direction of Bormio, after less than 3 km, one arrives at the monument from where routes start for the Punta San Matteo (3678 m) group. The group includes Pizo Tresero (3594 m), Punta Pendranzini (3599), Cima Dosegu (3560) and several others.</p><br>
<h2>Huts</h2><br>
<p>There are several huts around. Rifugio Bonetta is directly on the Pass, and very close to the monument is Rifugio A. Berni. High in the mountains you have Bivacco Seveso at 3398 m, directly below the summit of Tresero. Yet another refuge below Cima di val Umbrina (3220) is Bivacco Battaglione Ortles at 3122 m.</p><br>
<h2>Giro d'Italia</h2><br>
<p>The Gavia Pass is often on the route of the Giro d&#39;Italia road bicycle race and is sometimes designated the Cima Coppi, the highest point of the race. On 5 June 1988, the race passed over the Gavia in a snowstorm, making for an epic stage won by Erik Breukink. American Andrew Hampsten, the second-place finisher, became the overall race leader and went on to win the Giro.</p><br>
<h3>Appearances in Giro d'Italia (since 1960)</h3><br>
<p>The Wellington Monument is a 175 ft triangular obelisk located on a point of the Blackdown Hills, 3 km south of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. It is a grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>The monument was designed to commemorate the Duke of Wellington&#39;s victory at the Battle of Waterloo. Construction of the original design commenced in 1817; a revised and cheaper design was eventually used, though, and building was completed in 1854. It is now owned by the National Trust, who closed the monument to the public in 2007, owing to safety concerns. Surveys have shown that extensive renovation work will be needed to reopen the internal staircase to the viewing platform. As of 2015 the work is still ongoing.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The monument was erected to celebrate the Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington&#39;s victory at the Battle of Waterloo. Following his victory at the Battle of Talavera Wellesley was ennobled. As he was abroad his brother chose the name of the Somerset town, because of its similarity to the family name, although Wellesley had never visited it. Parliament awarded him £100,000, and with this he bought two manors in the town, including the land the monument now stands on. The monument was proposed in 1815 by William Sanford of Nynehead Court, and he started a public subscription to pay for it. Within months £1450 had been raised and a design competition was held. The winning entry envisaged a 95 ft pillar with three cottages at the base to house old soldiers as caretakers. It was designed by Thomas Lee and the foundation stone was laid by Lord Somerville in 1817. By 1818 the column was 47 ft high but all funds had been spent. Another appeal raised further funds, and the column was raised to 121 ft by 1820. It was damaged in 1846 when it was struck by lightning.</p><br>
<p>Construction restarted after the Duke&#39;s death, and was completed in 1854 by Henry Goodridge, with funds raised from local subscribers to commemorate his achievements. The initial designs envisaged a cast iron statue of the Duke on the top of the column with more statues on the plinth, but these were never built. The upper section of the column was restored in 1890 when the pinnacle was raised by 1.5 m.</p><br>
<p>The original plans were for twenty four cannons, captured from the French army at the Battle of Waterloo, to be installed around the base. In 1818 one brass and 15 iron cannons were transported from the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich to Exeter Quay, but they were never transported to the monument. After years of storage at Exeter ten were sunk into the ground as bollards, and the brass gun sold in 1837 for £64 to cover the storage costs incurred by the local corporation. In 1890, when four guns were requested for the monument as part of a restoration project, they were found to be naval cannons cast in Scotland dating from 1789, and never used at the Battle of Waterloo. Four cannons were eventually installed in 1910, surrounding the monument, but these were removed during the Second World War (1939–1945) for scrap metal to help the war effort. The need for scrap metal fell and they were eventually buried at Watchet. The one cannon remaining at Exeter was brought to the monument in 1977 and finally installed in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The monument is built of local stone, Calcareous Grit, a Sandstone from Northay. The triangular column is 80 ft wide at the base and 53.34 m high. The base has an Egyptian winged panel above the studded iron door and is surmounted by a coved dentil cornice.</p><br>
<p>A counterweight hangs inside the top of the monument to help balance it in windy weather. An internal staircase ascends to a viewing platform, which has three circular windows, one on each face.</p><br>
<h2>National Trust ownership and restoration</h2><br>
<p>The monument was acquired by the National Trust in the 1930s. It is floodlit on special occasions with new lights installed in 2015. In 1985, the Wellington Rotary Club donated the cannon currently standing at the base of the Monument.</p><br>
<p>In June 2009, the National Trust announced plans to reclad the monument at a cost of £4 million. The painted fence was replaced by an open wire fence in 2010, aiding visibility, but still denying public access to the base of the monument. Survey work in 2010 showed the extent of cracks in the stonework. In 2013 it was announced that further funding would be needed for the restoration project. Sensors recording the movement of the tower are also to be installed.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 Rebecca Pow the new local Member of Parliament for Taunton Deane asked the government to make available money for a restoration fund. In 2016 she further highlighted the deteriorating condition of the monument and started a petition for its repair. To see a video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XrdJjYa6SBQ</p><br>
<p>Burke Lake is a 218 acre freshwater reservoir in Fairfax Station, Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. It is contained within Burke Lake Park, a Fairfax County public park owned by the Fairfax County Park Authority . Burke Lake is formed by a dam on South Run, a tributary stream of the Potomac River.</p><br>
<p>Fairfax County permits visitors to use the lake for fishing, electric-motor, and paddle/row boating. The lake has 4.5 mi of fishing shoreline, three fishing bulkheads at the state game area, a fishing pier, a public & & launch ramps, and a boat launching dock. Both the fishing bulkheads and the fishing pier are accessible to persons with disabilities. Swimming is prohibited. A 4.68 mi trail surrounds the lake starting at the marina parking lot.</p><br>
<p>Burke Lake is owned by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF).</p><br>
<p>Lokrum  is an island in the Adriatic Sea 600 m from the city of Dubrovnik, Croatia. It stretches from northwest to southeast and receives regular ferry service from the city.</p><br>
<p>Austrian archduke (and short-lived Emperor of Mexico) Maximilian once had a holiday home on the island. A monastery and a botanical garden survive from his era. On the island&#39;s highest point at 96 m above sea level stands Fort Royal Castle, which was built by the French, though it was later named "Maximilian&#39;s Tower" by the Austrians.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first written mention of Lokrum was in 1023 when the Benedictine abbey and monastery were founded. The name Lokrum comes from the Latin, &#39;acrumen&#39;, meaning sour fruit. This derives from the tradition of cultivating exotic plants on the island, a tradition started in the time of the Benedictines. The last Benedictines left the island in 1808. Local legend says that on their last night, the monks put a curse on the island and anyone who tried to seek it for their own in the future.</p><br>
<p>According to legend, Richard the Lionheart was shipwrecked in 1192 after returning home from the crusades and was cast safely ashore on Lokrum. He pledged to build a church on the island but, at the plea of Dubrovnik citizens, the church was built on the nearby mainland instead.</p><br>
<p>Archduke Maximilian Ferdinand of Habsburg had a mansion built on the island in 1859 with a magnificent garden laid out, criss-crossed with pathways, full of amazing plants and botanical wonders. The island was originally purchased by Maximilian&#39;s wife Archduchess Charlotte of Austria, with part of her marriage dowry, and she retained ownership of the island even after she and her husband became Emperor and Empress of Mexico. After the Emperor Maximilian&#39;s execution the island was surrendered to the Habsburg Family in a deal struck between Franz Joseph I of Austria and Leopold II of Belgium. Charlotte had become insane and Leopold had renounced in the name of his sister all claims to her and her husband&#39;s property in Austria. Leopold was more concerned with acquiring his sister&#39;s great fortune than with her rights to property in Austria. The island was given to Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria as part of her marriage dowry; Yugoslavia claimed it under the Treaty of Saint-Germain. Princess Elizabeth stated that she was no longer a Habsburg, having renounced her rights on the occasion of her marriage; therefore Yugoslavia had no right to sequester the property. The case was settled by a payment of $575,000 to the Princess.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 a Botanical Garden was founded on Lokrum which contains native and imported, tropical and subtropical plants, and other vegetation originating from Australia and South America. The island is also inhabited by families of peacocks brought over by Maximilian from the Canary Islands.</p><br>
<p>The island is now a popular destination with visitors to Dubrovnik. A restaurant is located in the former monastery, and walking routes round the island are marked out. There is also a nudist beach at the south-eastern end of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Botanical Garden</h2><br>
<p>On the eastern side of the island, protected from the open sea, there is a small natural harbour. The island covers an area of 0.8 km² and is covered in thick Mediterranean flora and woods: laurel, oak, pines, cypress and black pines. There are also olives, agaves, cacti, magnolia and palms. On the southern part of the island there is a small salt lake, 10 m deep, known as "the Dead Sea" (Mrtvo More). Nearby there is a deserted Benedictine monastery, founded in 1023. The triple-naved basilica, and a 14th-century part of the monastery were badly damaged in the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake. The monastery was deserted in 1798. Today Lokrum is a Nature Reserve and a Special Forest Vegetation Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Popolopen is the name of several related landmarks mainly within the Hudson Highlands of Orange County, New York. These include a mountain, Popolopen Torne&mdash;or simply "The Torne", and a short and steep-sided nearby valley officially called Hell Hole, but often Popolopen Gorge. Popolopen Creek runs through this valley. The Popolopen Bridge spans its mouth at the Hudson River and is crossed by Route 9W. Popolopen Lake feeds the headwaters of its namesake creek. Despite local usage, the United States Board on Geographical Names recognizes only the lake, creek and bridge as bearing the name "Popolopen."</p><br>
<h2>Popolopen Torne</h2><br>
<p>Popolopen Torne (officially called "The Torne") is a small mountain with a relatively sharp and bald peak, part of the Hudson Highlands, with a summit 942 feet (287.12 meters) above sea level. The blue-blazed, horseshoe-shaped Timp Torne trail makes a loop from Mine Torne Road to the summit and back again. Its short and steep ascent offers hikers 360° views of the Hudson River, West Point, Bear Mountain, and Harriman State Park. USA Route 6 passes through the valley formed between Popolopen Torne and Bear Mountain just before it reaches the Bear Mountain Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Lake Popolopen</h2><br>
<p>Lake Popolopen is a lake northwest of the mountain, on the West Point Military Reservation near New York State Route 293. Camp Buckner and Camp Natural Bridge are located at the lake, which is frequently used for training and recreation. The lake comprises the largest body of water at West Point, and is used for aquatic training such as scuba diving and amphibious assault.</p><br>
<p>In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, cadets from West Point traditionally had a three-day war game dubbed "the Battle of Popolopen" each August. The lake was originally the site of a summer camp. Its waters were drawn to supply nearby mining operations.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the Army purchased the land for exclusive military use. It adapted the remains of the summer retreat as Camp Popolopen, a POW camp for German prisoners. After the war, the name was changed to Camp Buckner.</p><br>
<p>The New York Department of Environmental Conservation began stocking tiger muskies in Lake Popolopen in 2011. 400 fish measuring 10.5" were stocked in 2011, and 800 fish measuring 10.5" were stocked in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Popolopen Creek and "Hell Hole"</h2><br>
<p>Popolopen Creek&mdash;also called Popolopen Brook&mdash;is a stream, fed mainly by Lake Popolopen, Mine Lake, Stillwell Lake, and Weyant&#39;s Pond, eventually draining into the Hudson River. It runs mainly through West Point and ends in a gorge between Bear Mountain and Popolopen Torne, officially called Hell Hole and popularly known, somewhat interchangeably, as Popolopen Gorge.</p><br>
<p>Local usage applies "Hell Hole" to a series of small plunge pools within this gorge, although the usage contradicts the USA Geological Survey maps and other widely used sources.</p><br>
<p>The geologist K.E. Lowe wrote that the gorge known as Hell Hole is the result of a fault within a regional intrusion of crystalline rock called Storm King granite. He said, "Despite painstaking investigation, the writer found only one outcrop revealing direct evidence of faulting. A badly weathered, unhealed zone of crushed Storm King granite is exposed in the south wall of upper Hell Hole. Its continuation is unfortunately lost under debris from the construction of US 6 which mantles most of the Bear Mountain side of the valley."</p><br>
<p>For most of its length through the gorge, the creek is narrow and extremely rocky, with fast moving rapids and several waterfalls. It can only be reached on foot and is not generally navigable by boat.</p><br>
<p>The red-blazed Popolopen Gorge Trail runs along the south side of the creek to a foot bridge just south of Popolopen Torne. Here, it joins the blue-blazed Timp-Torne, 1777 West and 1779 trails. These run along the north side of the creek from Hell Hole to the bridge, with the Timp-Torne detouring over the summit of Popolopen Torne. They cross the footbridge and join the Popolopen Gorge Trail to detour around West Point property, and the combined trails turn southwest and follow the valley of Queensboro Brook.</p><br>
<h2>Popolopen Bridge</h2><br>
<p>During the American Revolution, the mouth of Popolopen Creek was spanned by a pontoon bridge</p><br>
<p>. Much later, the road north from Hessian Lake to Fort Montgomery once crossed the lower part of the gorge by an iron bridge. The steep descents into the gorge and sharp turns onto this bridge made it dangerous for auto traffic. In 1916 the road (then Route 3, renumbered USA Route 9W in 1930) was rerouted over a high steel viaduct further downstream, near the site of Fort Montgomery, in 1916. Another bridge was built immediately adjacent in 1936.</p><br>
<p>Called Popolopen Bridge, the 1936 structure is of the deck truss design, more than 600 feet long, 48 feet wide. It rises about 150 feet above the mouth of Popolopen Creek. As of 2000, its average daily traffic was about 18,000 vehicles. Although rehabilitation was performed in 1992, additional repairs were completed in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The 1916 bridge was demolished in the 1950s, although its high stone abutments remain.</p><br>
<p>As noted above a new footbridge (built 2002) has been constructed across the Popolopen Creek just downstream from this bridge.</p><br>
<p>The concept design of this bridge was proposed by Bruce Ramsay & Jim Hume of Cleveland Bridge Pty. Ltd. of the U.K., Cleveland Bridge were also responsible for its construction.</p><br>
<p>The footbridge was designed as a suspended rope truss, which results in a very stiff bridge due to its diagonal braces.</p><br>
<p>Another special feature is the fiber composite deck in lieu of a traditional timber deck for this type of structure.</p><br>
<p>The fiber composite deck adds lightness, long term durability and reduced maintenance requirements. The bridge is of similar design to the Wheeling Suspension Bridge in West Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Industry</h2><br>
<p>Iron mining and smelting once took place along the upper reaches of Popolopen Creek. The Forest of Dean Mine produced iron ore from the Revolutionary era into the twentieth century, and operated a narrow gauge railroad along the creek as far as the eastern slopes of Popolopen Torne. The mine site has been submerged by Stilwell Lake. Queensboro Furnace, located just above the outlet of Queensboro Brook into the creek, smelted iron during the late eighteenth century. The remains of the furnace have been preserved, as part of the grounds of the West Point Military Reservation.</p><br>
<p>A grist mill was built in 1799 by Eugene Lucet. The Route 9W highway crossing was later constructed downriver from this. A dam was built upstream in 1901, just above the old Hell Hole bridge, to improve the water supply to the mill. The dam is still intact, and water pools behind it when the creek flow exceeds that of the outlet near the bottom. This intermittent body of water is marked "Roe Pond" on some maps; at least one other pond in the area has the same name. Later converted to a hydroelectric plant, the mill building was demolished in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>An aqueduct was built on the north side of the gorge in 1906 to bring water from Queensboro Brook and Popolopen Creek to West Point. Another was built on the south side in 1929–30 to supply Bear Mountain State Park with water from Queensboro Lake. Repairs to the latter required the closing of the combined Popolopen Gorge–1777 West–1779–Timp-Torne trails from the fall of 2008 to spring 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Representation in other media</h2><br>
<p>Lake Popolopen is the setting for the murder mystery Dress Gray (1978) by Lucian Truscott IV, grandson of USA Army General Lucian Truscott, Jr.</p><br>
<p>Sapinuwa  was a Bronze Age Hittite city at the location of modern Ortaköy in the province Çorum in Turkey. It was one of the major Hittite religious and administrative centres, a military base and an occasional residence of several Hittite kings. The palace at Sapinuwa is discussed in several texts from Hattusa.</p><br>
<h2>Digs</h2><br>
<p>Ortaköy was identified as the site of ancient Sapinuwa during a survey in 1989, and Ankara University quickly obtained permission from the Ministry of Culture to begin excavation. This commenced in the following year. Building A was excavated first, and then Building B in 1995. The building with the Yazılıkaya-style orthostate and 14th century BC charcoal was excavated after 2000. Aygül Süel has been the head of excavations at this site from 1996 onwards.</p><br>
<p>In the first excavated region was a Cyclopean-walled building dubbed "Building A". Building A has yielded 3000 tablets and fragments. They were stored in three separate archives on an upper floor, which collapsed when the building was burnt.</p><br>
<p>At Kadilar Hoyuk, 150 metres southeast of Building A, "Building B" has proven to be a depot filled with earthenware jars. Another building features an "orthostat that looks like the relief of Tudhaliyas at Yazilikaya".</p><br>
<h3>Findings</h3><br>
<p>The fire which destroyed Sapinuwa also damaged its archive. Most of the tablets are fragmentary, and must be pieced together before interpretation and translation.</p><br>
<p>Identification of the site as Sapinuwa immediately corrected a misunderstanding in Hittite geography. Due to the archives so far discovered at Hattusas, Sapinuwa had been thought to be a primarily Hurri-influenced city. Scholars of the Hattusas archive therefore positioned Sapinuwa to the southeast of Hattusa. Now Sapinuwa (and therefore the cities associated with it) are known to be to Hattusas&#39;s northeast.</p><br>
<p>The Building A tablets are mostly in Hittite (1500); but also in Hurrian (600), "Hitto-Hurrian", Akkadian, and Hattian. In addition, there are bilingual texts, not heretofore known, in Hittite / Hattian and in Hittite / Hurrian; vocabulary lists in Hittite / Sumerian / Akkadian; and seal impressions in Hieroglyphic Luwian. The Hittite texts include many letters; Hurrian was mostly used for itkalzi (purification) rituals. Several of the letters corresponded with those mentioned in the Maşat Höyük archive. The dialect of Hittite in that correspondence was Middle Hittite, but the site was in use for centuries afterward.</p><br>
<p>The first English-language publication from the excavation was by Aygul Süel, 2002. As of 2014, the archive had not been published. The first English-language publication of any text, a fragmentary vocabulary text listing useful plants, perhaps an advanced school tablet of the 14th century BCE, along with further discussion of the site, appeared in Aygul Süel and Oguz Soysal, "A Practical Vocabulary from Ortakoy&quot also published is a letter from a queen.</p><br>
<h3>Dating the site</h3><br>
<p>An unsourced 1998 report on the Hurrians has dated Building A to "1304+-37 BC". The unrounded "+-37" is consistent with Kuniholms 1993-1995 method of dendrochronological wiggle-matching upon finds of wood. Assuming that this date had held while Kuniholms group continued their research, as of 2003 this author would likely argue for 1287-90 BC. This is consistent with an attack under Muwatalli II, likely that which forced the flight of the Hittite court to Tarhuntassa. However it disagrees with the character of the texts, which assume a time a century prior.</p><br>
<p>The Aegean Dendrochronology Project in its December 2001 progress report tentatively redated Sapinuwas charcoal samples to that prior, 14th century BC. A few years later, those on the project wrote, "The Hittite site of Ortakoy/Sapinuwa is still giving us problems, and we are holding back on reporting dates until we determine what is going on there, but the excavator, Prof. Aygul Suhel, has now reported major quantities of charcoal collected in 2002 and we will retrieve them in the summer of 2003." In December 2003, project leader Kuniholm reported that the groups research aide and lab boss was "finishing off a new building at Hittite Ortaköy, the one with the orthostate that looks like the relief of Tudhaliyas at Yazilikaya. It does not have timbers as long as one might wish, but I think she is going to be able to report a date in the very early 14th century BC." This time period is more consistent with the character of Building A&#39;s archive; however, it must be stressed that any such findings have not yet been subjected to publication or review.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Focus on Ortakoy writes, "The strategic location of Shapinuwa is very important. The mountains surrounding the city, the plateau ascending in terraces on the Amasya Plain, and the fortification facilities starting as far as 5 km enable the city to be easily defendable. Since the city has a key location in between Alaca and Amasya plains, as long as the city, which is two-days distance from Hattusas, stands still, the roads to Bogazkoy - Hattusas are under control. As well as there are traces of military and religious architecture of the upper city on the hills to the west, the need for water and timber were being supplied from these hills."</p><br>
<p>The Hittites commonly invoked the Storm God of Sapinuwa alongside the Storm God of Nerik. Since Hattusa was to the south and Nerik likely further north, both initially Hattic-speaking; given the presence of the Hattic language in the Sapinuwa archive (and apparent paucity of the Palaic language); and given that its name makes sense in Hattic as a theophoric (sapi, "god&quot Sapinuwa, " of the god"): it is likely that Hattians founded Sapinuwa as well. In that case, the Nesite-speaking people would have taken over Sapinuwa at the same time they took Nerik and Hattusa, in the 17th century BC.</p><br>
<p>The Hittites&#39; enemy at that frontier during the 15th century BC were the Kaskas.</p><br>
<p>Oguz Soysal wrote, "The excavators of Ortaköy believe that this city was a second capital of the Hittites or a royal residence, for a specific period, namely during the Middle Hittite Kingdom, ca. late 15th century B.C." However, "Most of the epigraphic finds are dated to the last phase of the Hittite Middle Kingdom (ca. 1400-1380 B.C.)", contemporary with Tudhaliya I and the archive at Maşat Höyük.</p><br>
<p>It is presumed that the Kaska were responsible for the 14th century BC burnings which turned some of the building materials into coal. The Hittite court moved away, probably to Samuha, and did not rebuild Sapinuwa.</p><br>
<p>Hillersdon House in the parish of Cullompton in Devon, is a grade II* listed late Georgian style manor house overlooking that town. It was built in 1848 by William Charles Grant , to the design of Samuel Beazley, the notable theatre architect.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-storey building arranged around a central hall, built of red brick with Portland stone dressing and a hipped slate roof. The red brick stable block was built at about the same time as the main house along with "Jane&#39;s Cottage" within the grounds. The main house is set out on an "H" plan around a central hall. The north-east front is the main entrance with a porte-cochère flanked by Tuscan columns, while the south-west side mirrors the north east but without the porte-cochère. It is surrounded by landscaped gardens with ponds and a deer park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hillersdon House was built in 1848 by William Charles Grant, a Lieutenant of the First (Kings) Dragoon Guards and a nephew of Sir William Grant (1752-1832), Member of Parliament, Solicitor General and Master of the Rolls. Grant purchased the estate in about 1847. In 1843 Grant had married Maria May (d.1891), a noted pteridologist. and W.C. Grant built the surviving house to replace the earlier house which was in a dilapidated state, and which had been offered for rent in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1877 W.C. Grant died and Hillersdon passed his second and eldest surviving son William John</p><br>
<p>Alexander Grant ("Johnny") William John Alexander Grant (1851-1935),John Burke (genealogist)</p><br>
<p>Burke&#39;s Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry, 15th Edition, ed. Pirie-Gordon, H., London, 1937, pp.954-5, pedigree of "grant of Hillersdon House" a distinguished Arctic photographer who in 1895 married Enid Maud Forster, whom he divorced in 1901.Hillersdon House: Archival Review of Landscape History for Inclusion with Planning and Listed Building Consent Applications, Appendix 4, prepared by</p><br>
<p>Colvin & Moggridge of Lechlade, Cloucestershire, 2011 In the 1890s Hillersdon became known for its wild parties. One incident occurred after the Exeter Ball, when four young gentlemen plunged into one of the lakes, and were subsequently washed off in baths of champagne. Elinor Glyn, a noted society beauty was part of the house party on this occasion.</p><br>
<p>After the death of William Grant in 1935 the house was inherited under his will by Sir Mark Beresford Russell Sturgis (1884–1949), KCB, Assistant Under-Secretary for Ireland, who took the additional surname of Grant, as a condition of the will. In the Second World War it housed US Officers and then became a bed and breakfast and later was divided into five flats. It was purchased in 1982 by David and Gale Glynn, who having undertaken some refurbishment work sold it in 2010 for an asking price of £3-£4 million.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 Hillersdon was purchased by Michael Lloyd and has since undergone a complete refurbishment and is now used as a wedding venue and exclusive hotel offering luxury meditation and yoga retreats</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Hertford, Henry, A Cullompton Worthy, Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries, Vol.19, 1936, pp. 132–6. (Re Robert Cockram, 1553-1632, Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and his ancestors)</p><br>
<p>Hertford, Henry, Robert Cockram: a Cullompton Worthy, Devon and Cornwall Notes & Queries, Vol.170(?), 1936, pp. 401–2</p><br>
<p>Gray, Todd, William Luccombe and the Iron Oaks of Hillersden in 1796, Devon Documents (ed. T. Gray). Tiverton: Devon & Cornwall Notes & Queries, Special Issue (1996) pp. 88–90.</p><br>
<p>Braddock Bay, also known as Braddocks Bay, is a small bay of Lake Ontario located in Monroe County northwest of Rochester, New York in the United States. Braddock Bay is renowned for being an excellent bird-watching location, as raptors and other birds congregate there when migrating north in spring.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bays name is derived from a "barbarous mispronunciation" of its original name, Prideaux Bay, which referred to British General John Prideaux. The name was first given after Prideaux and his force of 3,200 soldiers encamped at the bay in 1759, on their way to the Battle of Fort Niagara during the French and Indian War, where Prideaux would be killed. Initial mispronunciation of the bays name led to some confusion with British General Edward Braddock, resulting in the bay&#39;s current name.</p><br>
<p>Braddock Bay Marina was home to United States Coast Guard Auxiliary Flotilla 45 from its creation in November 1974 until its dissolution at the end of 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Land management</h2><br>
<p>Much of the land in this complex of marshland and small bays is managed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) as the 2,125 acre Braddock Bay Wildlife Management Area. The WMA was created in 1982 after the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (NYSOPRHP) transferred all but approximately 375 acres of the former Braddock Bay State Park (established in 1956) to the NYSDEC. The remaining parcels were leased to the Town of Greece in 1981.</p><br>
<p>As of 2014, the NYSOPRHP retains ownership of 387 acre on the bay. Much of this property is maintained by the Town of Greece as Braddock Bay Park, which is located on the east side of the open bay and includes a hawk-watching station.</p><br>
<h2>Birdwatching</h2><br>
<p>The Braddock Bay Raptor Research center sponsors banding of both owls and hawks, whose numbers peak in late March and early April.</p><br>
<p>The Braddock Bay complex also includes:</p><br>
<p>Owl Woods (Pear Orchard) – banding station</p><br>
<p>The Spits (East & West)</p><br>
<p>The Bay</p><br>
<p>Cranberry, Long and Buck Ponds</p><br>
<p>Beatty Point: a portion of the Braddock&#39;s Bay that has extensive grassy fields, a haven for the numerous grassland bird species (nests can easily be crushed when wandering off-trail in spring).</p><br>
<p>Hogan Point and Hincher Road</p><br>
<p>Northrup Creek</p><br>
<p>Salmon Creek</p><br>
<p>Island Cottage Woods</p><br>
<p>Rose Marsh</p><br>
<p>Birds to look for include:</p><br>
<p>Spring: eastern kingbird, indigo bunting, bobolink, Savannah sparrow and northern harrier, small groups of ducks, robins, swans and Nelson&#39;s sparrow.</p><br>
<p>Summer: black terns, Caspian, common and Forster&#39;s terns during migration periods, red-winged blackbirds, swans, great blue herons, and sedge wren occasionally</p><br>
<p>Fall: red-winged blackbirds, sparrows, swans, great blue herons, and turkey vultures</p><br>
<p>Winter: chickadees</p><br>
<p>The Dead Diamond River is an 18.7 mi river in northern New Hampshire in the United States. Its water enters the Atlantic Ocean on the coast of Maine by passing through the Magalloway, Androscoggin, and Kennebec rivers.</p><br>
<p>The Dead Diamond River is formed in the township of Atkinson and Gilmanton Academy Grant, New Hampshire by the juncture of the Middle Branch and the East Branch of the Dead Diamond. It is quickly joined by the West Branch of the Dead Diamond and heads south through logging country. The Little Dead Diamond River joins from the west at Hell Gate, a set of rapids, just before the Dead Diamond enters the Dartmouth College Grant. The river traverses the length of the college grant before reaching the Magalloway River near the Maine border. The Swift Diamond River is a significant tributary which joins the Dead Diamond shortly upstream of the Magalloway.</p><br>
<p>Sonora Pass  is the second-highest highway pass in the Sierra Nevada, lower by 321 ft.  than Tioga Pass to the south. State Route 108 traverses the pass.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The pass connects the communities of Sonora to the west and Bridgeport to the east. Like most high Sierra Nevada passes, the highway is closed in winter, generally between November and May, due to snow accumulation.</p><br>
<p>The highway over the pass is extremely steep (exceeding 8% for most of the traverse, and up to 26% grades in some locations), narrow and winding between Kennedy Meadows on the west side and Leavitt Meadows on the east. The route is not recommended for vehicles or vehicle combinations that are unusually wide, heavy or long.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the Pass is a picnic/parking area, which serves as a day-use rest stop or a trailhead for hikes to nearby Sonora Peak, Wolf Creek Lake, and other spots north or south along the Pacific Crest Trail.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first documented immigrant traverse of Sonora Pass appears to have been in the late summer of 1852 by a wagon train known as the Clark-Skidmore Company. Subsequently, merchant interests in the communities of Sonora and Columbia promoted the route to California-bound immigrants, not always with happy results when immigrants discovered how difficult it was. There are some references indicating the earliest immigrant crossing was in 1841 by the Bartleson-Bidwell Party, but the USA Forest Service indicates they crossed north of Sonora Pass in the Carson-Iceberg area.</p><br>
<p>With the discovery of deposits and development of silver and gold mining east of the Sierra Nevada in the beginning of the 1860s, merchant interests in the counties on both sides of the pass pushed for development of a road that would enable them to improve transportation and trade. Surveying for a road through Sonora Pass began in 1863 and the road was in use by 1865.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880(s) the California and Nevada Railroad and its predecessor, the California and Mount Diablo Railroad, proposed to run a narrow gauge railroad over Sonora Pass with a line running from Emeryville - Stockton and then connecting with the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad in Utah. The railroad never built track beyond the San Francisco Bay Area.</p><br>
<p>In 1943, the location scenes for the mountainous hideout of the Republican Spanish guerilla band in For Whom the Bell Tolls were filmed here.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of Saint Helena is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena, Montana. Modeled by architect A.O. Von Herbulis after the Votivkirche in Vienna, Austria, the construction began on the Cathedral in 1908, and held its first mass in November 1914. The Cathedral sustained significant damage during the 1935 Helena earthquake, which required extensive renovations. The Cathedral was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The site for the cathedral was purchased in 1905. A.O. Von Herbulis of Washington, D.C., was commissioned as the architect. Von Herbulis was trained abroad and was chosen for his knowledge of the cathedrals of Europe. Rough sketches were prepared in two styles, Romanesque and Gothic. When the drawings were presented, the Building Committee chose the Gothic form; a motion to authorize that design passed unanimously. Von Herbulis modelled the Cathedral after the Votivkirche in Vienna, Austria, which he had become familiar with while studying at university in Vienna.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia Construction Company of New York City began construction of the Cathedral in 1908; the cornerstone was laid on October 4 that year. On November 8, 1914, the Catholic community of Helena gathered to celebrate Mass for the first time in the new church, and the first funeral held in the Cathedral was that of Thomas Cruse, a benefactor, December 26, 1914. The Cathedral remained under construction for ten more years; in June 1924, the Cathedral was consecrated. Its total cost of construction amounted to $645,000.</p><br>
<p>The stained glass windows for the Cathedral were made and installed by the F.X. Zettler Firm of Munich, Bavaria. By the time the Cathedral was dedicated, 46 of the planned 59 windows had been installed. The Zettler Firm claimed that the 37-window set, which told the Christian story from the fall of Adam and Eve to the Church in the early years of the 20th century, surpassed any windows which it had made during its first 50 years. The remaining windows in the clerestory level were installed by 1926 by Charles J. Connick, a craftsman from Boston, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations</h3><br>
<p>In the fall of 1935, a series of earthquakes struck the State of Montana. The Cathedral suffered damage: the south tower was almost completely destroyed. The tower was reconstructed and reinforced to prevent future calamity. The reconstruction was completed by 1938.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the Cathedral remained unchanged from its dedication until the mid-1950s. Under the direction of Bishop Joseph M. Gilmore, the bronze altar canopy was installed. The grillwork behind the altar and the gilding of the interior were also added. The restoration was completed in April 1959 in time for the Golden Jubilee of the Cathedral and the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Diocese of Helena.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral was renovated in 1982-1983 under the direction of Bishop Elden F. Curtiss. This renovation addressed the liturgical reform of the Second Vatican Council. Extensive repairs to the stained glass windows were also undertaken by the late Fr. Daniel Hillen.</p><br>
<p>In 1999-2000 repairs to the interior columns were completed. The columns had been damaged in the Montana Rail Link train crash of February 1989.</p><br>
<p>The most recent renovation of the Cathedral, begun in 2002 under the direction of Bishop Robert C. Morlino, continues under Bishop George Leo Thomas. Both the upper and lower levels of the Cathedral were renovated. The lower level was completely remodeled to include two new social halls and a complete kitchen. The lower level was named in honor of the first bishop of Helena, John B. Brondel. The upper-level renovation included the sanctuary, Saint Joseph&#39;s Chapel, new baptistry, and the installation of the elevator in the north transept for improved access between levels.</p><br>
<p>Physical plant enhancements include a new heating system, a renovated chime system, a renovated and enhanced pipe organ, the restoration of the stained glass and re-covering of their exterior surfaces, the installation of a new sound system, the construction of a new confessional, the removal of the old St. Helena Grade School, the construction and landscaping of a new main parking lot, and the exterior upgrade to the Faith Formation/Office building.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The Cathedrals most prominent feature is its 230-foot (70 m) twin spires, which were directly inspired by the Votivkirche in Vienna. Adorning the spires are gold-leafed crosses that stand 12 feet (3.7 m) in height and 6 feet (1.8 m) in length. The Cathedrals North tower contains fifteen hand-cast bells, which represent the fifteen mysteries of the Rosary.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the Cathedral boasts 11,693 ft&sup2; of stained glass across 59 windows, which depict various scenes from the Old and New Testament. The church&#39;s limestone exterior also features 29 statues of saints and other figures.</p><br>
<p>Overton Lodge is No. 5 in the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Tennessee. Overton is located on the Courthouse Square in Rogersville Historic District in downtown Rogersville, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history and name</h3><br>
<p>Founded December 14, 1805, Overton Lodge was, at the time of its formation, a part of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina and Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The Lodge was named in honor of John Overton, 1766-1833, by John Williams. Overton was a prominent Tennessee jurist and Freemason, who practiced law with another young lawyer and Freemason, Andrew Jackson.</p><br>
<p>Overton was appointed by Tennessee governor John Sevier to succeed Jackson, in 1804, as the judge of the superior court in Nashville. He held this post until 1810, and in 1811 was elected a justice of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, which office he filled till his resignation in 1816. During this period he wrote "Overton&#39;s Reports," which include the time from 1791 to 1817, and are of great value as a repository of the land laws of Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>When the eight lodges in Tennessee came together to form the new Grand Lodge of Tennessee in Knoxville on December 27, 1813, Overton Lodge sent representatives to the convention that established the new grand lodge, and as such, it is one of Tennessee&#39;s founding lodges.</p><br>
<h3>Acquiring a home</h3><br>
<p>It is unclear where Overton Lodge met in the first years of its existence, but it is plain that they eventually acquired the former Branch Office of the Bank of Tennessee, located on the Courthouse Square in downtown Rogersville. This building, circa 1840, is an example of Federal, neoclassical architecture that dominates the Historic District of Rogersville.</p><br>
<h3>During the Civil War</h3><br>
<p>Overton Lodge was one of the few Lodges in the State to remain active during each year of the American Civil War, and it is by virtue of this distinction that Overton may claim to be the oldest, continuously-operated lodge in the State: all four of the older Lodges, including the currently extant Greeneville Lodge No. 3, had their charters revoked or have since gone defunct.</p><br>
<h3>Bicentennial year</h3><br>
<p>In 2005, Overton Lodge celebrated its two-hundredth year of Freemasonry in the heart of Rogersville. The Lodge recognized the achievements of its forebears, and offered special commemorative memorabilia as a part of the celebration.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The Lodge&#39;s building (the Overton Lodge Masonic Temple) is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property in the Rogersville Historic District; as such, it is an historically-significant part of the reason that the district was itself included on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Fort Okanogan  was founded in 1811 on the confluence of the Okanogan and Columbia Rivers as a fur trade outpost. Originally built for John Jacob Astor’s Pacific Fur Company, it was the first American-owned settlement within Washington State, located in what is now Okanogan County. The North West Company, the PFCs primary competitor, purchased its assets and posts in 1813. In 1821 the North West Company was merged into Hudsons Bay Company, which took over operation of Fort Okanogan as part of its Columbia District. The fort was an important stop on the York Factory Express trade route to London via Hudson Bay.</p><br>
<p>In 1846, the Oregon Treaty was ratified, ending the Oregon boundary dispute and the joint-occupation of the Pacific Northwest, though the HBC was allowed to continue use of the fort. However, due to the decline of the transport business in the area, the HBC abandoned the fort in June 1860. The fur post&#39;s primary use became transportation between other HBC posts, as according to Lloyd Keith and William Brown after 1821 there was no "considerable amount of fur obtained there."</p><br>
<p>The site of the fort was flooded in 1967 by the reservoir Lake Pateros due to the construction of Wells Dam.</p><br>
<h2>Pacific Fur Company</h2><br>
<p>Fort Okanogan was planned by the PFC to compete against the interior stations of the North West Company such as Spokane House. PFC employees progressed up the Columbia River in 1811 accompanied by a NWC party led by David Thompson as far as the rapids at Celilo Falls.</p><br>
<p>As PFC continued up the Columbia, trade goods of the NWC were found among inhabitants near Fort Okanogan&#39;s eventual location. A council with neighboring Okanagan leaders was commenced on 31 October by the PFC officers. The Okanagan dignitaries agreed to maintain friendly relations with PFC employees, partake in the beaver trappings, provide security for the station and ensure its workers were always fed. After the Fort had been erected, the working parties split into two. One group headed back to Astoria, the other north to travel the length of the Okanagan river. Ross was left at the fort with a dog he had purchased in Monterrey, Alta California his main company. Nights were a constant source of worry for the lonely Ross, despite having several hundred "friendly inclined" natives encamped nearby performing sentry duties.</p><br>
<h2>North West Company</h2><br>
<p>With the absorption of the Pacific Fur Companys fur posts into the NWC, Alexander Ross continued to serve as Fort Okanogans manager. Ross Cox was appointed as the officer in charge of Fort Okanogan in 1816, and reached the station on 30 April. Stockpiles of driftwood and timber were used during the summer to reconstruct the Fort. Enclosing the trade post now was a fifteen feet tall palisade and two bastions, each with a brass four pound cannon. Besides the new housing for the fort staff "a spacious store for the furs and merchandise, to which was attached a shop for trading with the natives" were completed as well. Besides rations of salmon and deer bought from visiting Indigenous, Sarsaparilla and rattlesnakes were consumed by the stations workers. Employees of the fort began to wear Kamleikas manufactured by Aleuts, typically made of sea-lion intestines. Attempts at farming werent successful, with mice and frost destroying much of the crops.</p><br>
<p>Several company horses at Fort Okanogan were seized during the winter by a band of Sanpoils. Cox and a small party of French-Canadians and Hawaiians along with several Okanagans led by a local headman, Red Fox, set off to locate the equines. Despite recent snow, Red Fox was able to guide the group to the Sanpoil village holding the horses. Leaders of the village admitted to taking the company mounts, stating it was only done to avoid their own starvation. The Sanpoils had their own number of horses that was dwindling due to attacks by wolves, an issue Fort Okanogan faced as well. Cox took back the company horses without bloodshed, in part from consideration of potential Sanpoil attacks on the seasonal fur brigades departing from Spokane house.</p><br>
<h2>Hudson's Bay Company</h2><br>
<p>In 1821 the North West Company and its extensive stations were adjoined to the Hudson&#39;s Bay Company. As HBC officials traveled overland to Fort George, they passed through Fort Okanogan. The former four NWC employees there were retained, one being Hawaiian, three French-Canadian. The number of staff was increased greatly, so that by 1826 over 40 Native and White laborers resided at the post. The food supply was still based on local Indigenous food production, such as salmon, over 19,000 consumed annually, along with venison rather than imported agricultural practices. Additionally several quarts of Wapato and over a thousand quarts of various berries were consumed in 1826.</p><br>
<p>HBC Governor Sir George Simpson commented about Fort Okanagan during his 1841 visit to the Columbia District:...is an outpost from the establishment of Thompson&#39;s River, maintained more for the purpose of facilitating the transport business of that post and New Caledonia than for trade as there are few or no Fur bearing animals in the surrounding country.</p><br>
<p>In the last two decades of its use the station had only one employee residing there, generally with their family. Starting in 1848 the Okanogan Trail was no longer used by fur trapping brigades, now getting their supplies from Fort Hope instead of Fort Okanogan. The Company began considering abandoning the post in 1853, no longer finding it financially viable to maintain. Negotiations for the sale of its property within the United States were still ongoing with the American Government, with the HBC unwilling to lose its basis for land claims of Fort Okanogan. The son of departing manager Joachin La Fluer, François Duchouquette, was instructed in 1853 to work there. He continued to maintain residency at the location until given orders in 1860 to remove the remaining supplies and property of the HBC. Duchoquette left with a pack train on 18 or 19 June, leaving the post "for all practical purposes abandoned..." and later established a trading outpost outside Keremeos in British Columbia. Robert Stevenson, a witness to the withdrawal recalled that:At the time of our visit all the Indians in that part of the country were congregated at the fort assisting the factor in packing up the goods preparatory to moving the post to Keremeos in British Columbia. The goods were packed in Hudson Bay parflushes made of raw hide, and loads were arranged for 150 horses. The post was to be abandoned the following day, and no goods were on sale that day.</p><br>
<p>American and Chinese gold miners in the area took wood from aging fur station, leaving it barren. No buildings of Fort Okanogan remained by 1880.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>By the time the HBC assumed control of Fort Okanogan, it had already lost its significance in the fur trade; consequently "no officer of the company was regularly stationed there..."</p><br>
<h2>Fort Okanogan State Park</h2><br>
<p>Until 2011, Fort Okanogan State Park 48&deg;05&prime;53&Prime;N latitude, 119&deg;40&prime;42&Prime;W longitude overlooked the fort site and the Columbia River. Comprising 45 acre, the park was for day use and featured the Fort Okanogan Interpretive Center (FOIC), a museum with exhibits about the fort, area pioneers and the fur trapping industry. Due to budget constraints, the park was transferred out of state ownership in 2011 to the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation. The FOIC is part of the Colville Tribes&#39; History/Archaeology Program. The Center is open late May through mid September.</p><br>
<p>The park is located five miles (8 km) north of Brewster, Washington. It is closed during the winter.</p><br>
<p>The New Windsor Cantonment State Historic Site, also known as New Windsor Cantonment, is located along NY 300, north one mile of Vails Gate, in the Town of New Windsor, Orange County, New York. The site features a reconstruction of the Continental Army&#39;s final military encampment.</p><br>
<h2>1780s</h2><br>
<p>Between June 1782 and October 1783 7,000 troops were boarded here in 600 log huts, over 1,600 acres. Although the Siege of Yorktown had ended most hostilities the year before, the British still occupied New York City and other ports, and George Washington believed that there was still strong sentiment in Britain for restarting the war and taking the colonies back. Thus it was necessary to keep the army here, within striking distance of New York and next to the vital Hudson River, until all the British forces were withdrawn. On April 19, 1783, Washington issued a cease fire order, officially ending the war for the Army.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<h2>Newburgh Conspiracy</h2><br>
<p>They were still uncertain times, however, as the Newburgh Conspiracy, where Washington persuaded his officers not to march on the Continental Congress and demand back pay at gunpoint, would demonstrate. The Temple, where he made his famous speech revealing his vision problems for the first time, is among the reconstructed buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Awards presented</h2><br>
<p>The Purple Heart was first awarded here, and the National Purple Heart Hall of Honor was opened November 10, 2006 in recognition of that history.</p><br>
<h2>Post-war</h2><br>
<p>After the war, the vacated huts were sold. Some of the stone walls on the site may be made from stones that came from the fireplaces of the original buildings. In 1936 the town acquired 167 acres of the original site, which it runs on the opposite side of Route 300 as the Last Encampment, and along with the National Temple Hill Association has kept it up as a monument. The Temple itself and its vicinity are owned by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation but operated by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Site info</h2><br>
<p>The site is open Wednesdays through Sunday from mid-April through October. Admission is free. Activities and events with reenactors in period costume are scheduled frequently.</p><br>
<p>The Tsna  is a river in Kuvshinovsky, Ostashkovsky, Firovsky, and Vyshnevolotsky Districts of Tver Oblast of Russia. It flows into Lake Mstino, which is drained by the Msta and belongs to the drainage basin of the Neva and the Baltic Sea. It is 160 km long, and the area of its basin 4,140 km&sup2;. The principal tributary of the Tsna is the Belaya River . In 1719, the river was dammed some 10 km above its mouth, creating the .</p><br>
<p>The source of the Tsna is located close to the drainage divide between Neva and Volga (Caspian Sea) drainage basins, and Tsna used to be an important trade route in the Middle Ages. The town of Vyshny Volochyok and the urban-type settlement of Velikooktyabrsky are located on the banks of the Tsna.</p><br>
<p>The source of the Tsna is located in the Valdai Hills, in Kuvshinovsky District south of the village of Konakovo. It flows south and southeast, and in the village of Mogilyovka turns north. A stretch of the Tsna forms a border between Kuvshinovsky and Ostashkovsky Districts, and a short stretch north of the first one forms the border between Kuvshinovsky and Firovsky Districts. North of this stretch, the Tsna enters Firovsky District and gradually turns northeast. Downstream of the village of Kuznetsovo the Tsna enters Vyshnevolotsky District. Its mouth is by the village of Nikiforovo, where the Tsna joins the Vyshny Volochyok Reservoir. The natural course of the Tsna proceeds to Lake Mstino, which is connected with the reservoir by a canal, however, currently the Vyshny Volochyok Reservoir regulates the discharge between the drainage basins of the Volga River (via the Tvertsa River) and the Neva River (via the Msta River, which flows out of Lake Mstino).</p><br>
<p>The drainage basin of the Tsna includes the western part of Vyshnevolotsky District, the southern part of Firovsky District, and the northwestern part of Kuvshinovsky District, as well as minor areas in the east of Ostashkovsky District.</p><br>
<p>Historically, the Tsna was one of the most important waterways in medieval Russia, providing a connection from the Baltic Sea basin into the Caspian Sea basin via the Tvertsa. In the beginning of the 18th century the portage located in Vyshny Volochyok was replaced by a system of canals, Vyshny Volochyok Waterway.</p><br>
<p>Iasos or Iassos , also in Latinized form Iasus, was an ancient Greek city in Caria located on the Gulf of Iasos , opposite the modern town of Güllük, Turkey. It was originally on an island, but is now connected to the mainland. It is located in the Milas district of Muğla Province, Turkey, near the Alevi village of Kıyıkışlacık, about 31 km from the center of Milas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ancient historians consider Iasos a colonial foundation of Argos, but archaeology shows a much longer history. According to the ancient reports, the Argive colonists had sustained severe losses in a war with the native Carians, so they invited the son of Neleus, who had previously founded Miletus, to come to their assistance. The town appears on that occasion to have received additional settlers. The town, which appears to have occupied the whole of the little island, had only ten stadia in circumference; but it nevertheless acquired great wealth, from its fisheries and trade in fish. Iasos was a member of the Delian League and was involved in the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC). After the Sicilian expedition of the Athenians, Iasos was attacked by the Spartans and their allies; it was governed at the time by Amorges, a Persian chief, who had revolted from Darius II. It was taken by the Spartans, who captured Amorges and delivered him up to Tissaphernes. The town itself was destroyed on that occasion. It became part of the Hecatomnid satrapy in the 4th century and was conquered by Alexander. We afterwards find it besieged by Philip V, king of Macedon, who, however, was compelled by the Romans to restore it to Ptolemy V of Egypt. The mountains in the neighbourhood of Iasus furnished a beautiful kind of marble, of a blood-red and livid white colour, which was used by the ancients for ornamental purposes. Near the town was a sanctuary of Hestia, with a statue of the goddess, which, though standing in the open air, was believed never to be touched by the rain. The same story is related, by Strabo, of a temple of Artemis in the same neighbourhood. Iasus, as a celebrated fishing place, is alluded to by Athenaeus. The place is still existing, under the name of Askem or Asýn Kalessi. Chandler (Travels in As. Min. p. 226) relates that the island on which the town was built is now united to the mainland by a small isthmus. Part of the city walls still exist, and are of a regular, solid, and handsome structure. In the side of the rock a theatre with many rows of seats still remains, and several inscriptions and coins have been found there.</p><br>
<p>It seems to have been abandoned in about the 15th–16th century, in the Ottoman period, when a small town was founded nearby named Asin Kale or Asin Kurin, in the sanjak of Menteşe within the vilayet of İzmir.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Preliminary research was done by the French archaeologist Charles Texier in 1835. A number of ancient Greek inscriptions were removed from the site which were later donated to the British Museum by the Duke of St Albans. Since then, Iasos and the necropolis have been under regular scientific excavations on behalf of the Italian School of Archaeology at Athens by Doro Levi (1960–1972), Clelia Laviosa (1972–1984) and Fede Berti (1984–2011). From 2011 till 2013 the Director of Iasos excavations has been Marcello Spanu.</p><br>
<p>The site of Iasos has been settled continuously since the Early Bronze Age. In early times, Iasos was influenced by the culture of the Cyclades islands.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s, archaeological excavations at Iasus revealed Mycenean buildings (with two "Minoan" levels underneath them).</p><br>
<p>"At Iasus, Mycenaean buildings, approximately dated by the presence of LH IIIa ware, have been found below the protogeometric cemetery. Below this again two Minoan levels are reported, the earlier containing local imitations of MM II-LM I ware, the later imported pieces of the Second Palace Period (AJA, 177-8). Middle and Late Minoan ware has also occurred at Cnidus (AJA, 321)."</p><br>
<p>Other archaeological finds cover Geometric, Hellenistic and Roman periods, through the Byzantine period.</p><br>
<p>Outstanding remains in Iasos include an Artemis stoa and Roman villas.</p><br>
<h2>Church history</h2><br>
<p>Four of its bishops are known: Themistius in 421, Flacillus in 451, David in 787, and Gregory in 878 (Michel Le Quien, Oriens Christianus I:913). The see is mentioned in the Nova Tactica, 10th century (Heinrich Gelzer, Georgii Cyprii descriptio orbis romani, nos. 340, 1464), and more recently in the Notitiae Episcopatuum.</p><br>
<p>Iasus is listed among the titular sees of Caria in the Annuario Pontificio. The titular see has had the following</p><br>
<p>Bishops:</p><br>
<p>Bishop Salvador Martinez Silva (1940.08.10 – 1969.02.07)</p><br>
<p>Bishop Antonio Laubitz (1924.11.08 – 1939.05.17)</p><br>
<p>Bishop Gregorio Ignazio Romero (1899.06.19 – 1915.02.21)</p><br>
<p>Bishop John Joseph Keane (later Archbishop) (1888.08.12 – 1897.01.29)</p><br>
<p>Bishop Gaetano d&#39;Alessandro (later Archbishop) (1884.03.24 – 1888.03.18)</p><br>
<p>Bishop Étienne-Louis Charbonnaux, M.E.P. (1844.07.08 – 1873.06.23)</p><br>
<p>Bishop Ernst Maria Ferdinand von Bissingen-Nieppenburg (1801.12.23 – 1820.03.12)</p><br>
<p>Bishop Emanuel Maria Graf Thun (1797.07.24 – 1800.08.11)</p><br>
<p>Bishop-elect Bartolome Gascon (1727.03.17 – ?)</p><br>
<p>Chickwolnepy Stream, also called Chickwollopy, is a 14.2 mi river in northern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Androscoggin River, which flows south and east into Maine, joining the Kennebec River near the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>There are two names in local usage for the stream, Chickwollopy and Chickwolnepy, the latter of which is the official name. Both names derive from the Arosaguntacook dialect of the Abenaki language. Chickwollopy coming from the words chegual and aki, thus meaning "frog place" or "land where frogs dwell". Chickwolnepy comes from the words chegual and nebe meaning "frog pond", a reference to it being the only brook in the area rising from a pond.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Chickwolnepy Stream rises at the outlet of Success Pond in the township of Success, New Hampshire. The stream flows generally west to the Androscoggin River in the town of Milan, passing briefly through the township of Cambridge. The stream passes Cambridge Black Mountain and Bald Mountain, staying in a wooded valley where logging is prevalent.</p><br>
